This is adapted from Srila Prabhuapda's Bhagavad-gita As It Is. If you do not have the book please get it and read it from:
http://krishnastore.com/bhagavad-gita-as-it-is-with-bonus-dvd-h-krishna-407.htmlIf you have questions and comments on this email then rather than replying to the email directly please post them on the article at:
http://krishna.org/arjunas-bewilderment/Chant Hare Krishna and be happy!
Madhudvisa dasa
www.KrishnaStore.comHare Krishna Juan
This email is a little long but it is very important information and I would very much appreciate it if you can take the time to go through it and if you have any questions or comments please post them at the article at www.Krishna.org (the link is at the end of this email) and I will answer you there.
Although there are thousands and thousands of philosophical and spiritual groups around the world most of them are following one of four basic philosophies: personalism, yoga, impersonalism or voidism. There are also a few other athiestic philosophies which try to explain the existence of the universe and the living entities without any spiritual connection but we will not discuss them here.
All philosophers and followers of religion naturally question the nature of the Supreme and the ultimate perfection--the destination the perfect living beings attain.
The personalists understand the Supreme is a person and surrender to Him, worship Him and serve Him. They conclude the ultimate destination is the spiritual world, the Kingdom of God—the place where the Supreme Lord lives—and they want to go there and have a personal relationship and render service to the Lord.
The yogis meditate on the Lord within their hearts—the Supersoul. Their ultimate realization is the personal form of the Supreme Lord as Paramatma within their hearts. Unfortunately yogis generally get distracted by the yoga-siddhis, the yogic perfections. These mystic perfections enable yogis to achieve wonderful powers within the material world—but the real perfection of yoga is to realize the Supreme Lord within the heart and surrender to Him and serve him. Therefore the perfect yogi will become a personalist, a devotee, ultimately.
The impersonalists conclude that the Supreme is an impersonal energy or force. They want to merge with or become one with the Supreme—imagining that when they merge with the impersonal energy of the Supreme they will somehow become one with and equal to the Supreme. The impersonal philosophy is very common because generally demonic people want to become god—they have no interest in surrendering to and serving anyone—certainly not God—so this impersonal philosophy allows them to believe there is no god above them, there is no authority, only an impersonal force, an energy and they are thinking of becoming one with that energy and becoming the supreme themselves. Most Indian gurus and philosophers these days are impersonalits even though they may speak something of Krishna, Vishnu—still ultimately, directly or indirectly, they hold impersonal views and actually want to become the supreme themselves rather than surrendering to and serving the Supreme Lord. Practically the whole “new age” philosophy in the West is impersonalism. Because for the demonic people the idea of becoming one with the supreme is much more attractive than surrendering to the Supreme Lord.
The voidists conclude that ultimately there is no supreme—only a void. They do not believe in any ultimate destination at all. They imagine that ultimately everything is void and they are trying to cease to exist. They imagine stopping their existence will be the solution to all their problems. The Buddhists are the typical example of followers of the voidist philosophy. They are atheistic. They do not believe in God and do not accept the living entities have an eternal soul and believe that ultimately they can cease to exist. Modern scientists are also generally voidists.
These four philosophies—personalism, yoga, impersonalism and voidism—appear time and time again in slightly different variations all over the world. Really you can not find any other philosophy. Sometimes there is some mixture but these are the basic four elements.
So what is correct? In India so many believe “whatever you think, whatever you accept—that is good for you.” This is not true but it is a very common belief among Indian philosophers. Something does not become correct and good for you just because you believe it.
To actually find the truth we have to find a reliable authority and all of these philosophers except the voidists/Buddhists accept the Vedas as their authority. So the personalists, impersonalists and yogis all share the same authority / scriptures—the Vedas—while the Buddhists/voidists reject the Vedas.
The void philosophy comes from Lord Buddha who is accepted in the Vedas as an incarnation of Vishnu. But he preaches against the Vedas. He said: “I condemn any scripture that condones animal killing” and because the Vedas contains references to animal sacrifices he rejected the Vedas and went on to present his own philosophy based on the principle of ahimsa, non-violence.
Lord Buddha preached that non-violence is the highest religious principle. Although I do not have the space to get into it in great detail here his purpose was special. At the time Lord Buddha was preaching in India the whole country had become meat-eaters and they were justifying the animal-killing by references in the Vedas related to animal-sacrifice. Meat-eaters are not able to understand much philosophy and they were also atheistic. You can not ask an atheist to surrender to God—he will just get angry. In this situation in India Lord Vishnu appeared as Lord Buddha—he is the Supreme Lord—but he said “I am not God...” and he presented a philosophy that was very attractive to the meat-eating atheists of the time.
In Buddhism there is no god, no eternal soul and the ultimate destination is nirvana—the void—nothingness... But Lord Buddha's main purpose, the main point of his preaching was: ahimsa parama dharma, “non-violence is the highest religious principle.” So with this preaching Lord Buddha was able to convince the Indian people to become vegetarians—and that is really the only purpose of his preaching and his concocted philosophy.
Once the Indian people became vegetarians by the strength of Lord Buddha's preaching they were able to understand more subtle philosophical points and Lord Shankaracharya who is an incarnation of Lord Shiva, appeared and easily defeated the Buddhist philosophy and re-established the authority of the Vedas.
Shankaracharaya is an incarnation of Lord Shiva and he was also unable to give the people the ultimate truth because they were still atheists following the Buddhist philosophy and still unwilling to surrender to the Supreme Lord. So Shankaracharya presented a misrepresentation of the Vedas, particularly the Vedanta Sutra, in which he attempts to eliminate any personal aspects of the Supreme Lord by word-jugglery and false logic.
Although the Vedanta Sutra clearly describes the Supreme Lord as personal in the ultimate issue Shankaracharya's commentary, the Sariraka-bhasya, exclusively stresses the impersonal all-pervasive energy of the Supreme Lord as the ultimate and completely denies any personal aspect at all. The teachings of Shankaracharya are often referred to as “covered Buddhism” because basically he has presented many of the Buddhist ideas but supported them by a misinterpretation of the Vedanta Sutra.
Shankaracharya has simultaneously re-established the authority of the Vedas and also presented a misinterpretation of the Vedas. It is stated in the Padma Purana that Lord Shiva appeared as a brahmana in the age of Kali to preach the Mayavada philosophy, which is nothing but a type of Buddhist philosophy: mayavadam asac-chastram pracchannam bauddham ucyate mayaiva vihitam devi kalau brahmana-murtina. Lord Shiva, speaking to his wife Parvati-devi, foretold that he would spread the Mayavada philosophy in the guise of a sannyasi brahmana just to eradicate Buddhist philosophy. This sannyasi was Sripada Sankaracarya. In order to overcome the effects of Buddhist philosophy and spread Vedanta philosophy, Sripada Sankaracarya had to make some compromise with the Buddhist philosophy, and as such he preached the philosophy of monism, for it was required at that time. Otherwise there was no need for his preaching Mayavada philosophy. (Srila Prabhupada SB 4.24.17 purport)
So the athestic impersonal and voidist philosophies that now flood the whole world all stem from the preaching of Lord Buddha and Lord Shankaracarya.
The Buddhist/voidist philosophy is incorrect. There is no factual basis to it at all and any thoughtful philosophically inclined person can easily see the many flaws in it. It is completely in contradiction with the Vedas which every other philosopher accepts—although they have their different interpretations.
The Buddhist philosophy is sunyavadi—or zero. Their idea is to make everything zero. The Buddhist will look at everything in the world and see it is ultimately a source of suffering so he will say that all these sources of suffering should be eliminated. And then ultimately when everything is eliminated you come to nirvana which means to finish all the varieties and to become zero.
This zero or sunyavadi philosophy is not a very attractive proposal. We want enjoyment, we want happiness—but the Buddhists are frustrated—they think happiness and enjoyment are impossible because they only have information about material enjoyment which they correctly realize is not actually enjoyment at all—so they conclude the best thing is to cease to exist—nirvana—to become zero...
There is however a serious problem for the Buddhist... In reality one can not cease to exist. It is not possible because the soul is eternal. It can not be killed or cease to exist under any circumstances whatsoever. So this Buddhist/voidist idea of nirvana is simply impossible. It is wrong, incorrect, impossible.
So for bona-fide philosophies we can reduce the list to only three: personalist, yogi and impersonalist. All these three philosophies are accepted in the Vedas as being bona-fide ways of understanding at least a part of the Lord's energies.
vadanti tat tattva-vidas tattvam yaj jnanam advayam brahmeti paramatmeti bhagavan iti sabdyate "The Absolute Truth is realized in three phases of understanding by the knower of the Absolute Truth, and all of them are identical. Such phases of the Absolute Truth are expressed as Brahman, Paramatma, and Bhagavan." (
Bhag. 1.2.11)
These three divine aspects can be explained by the example of the sun, which also has three different aspects, namely the sunshine, the sun's surface and the sun planet itself. One who studies the sunshine only is the preliminary student. One who understands the sun's surface is further advanced. And one who can enter into the sun planet is the highest.
Ordinary students who are satisfied by simply understanding the sunshine—its universal pervasiveness and the glaring effulgence of its impersonal nature—may be compared to those who can realize only the Brahman feature of the Absolute Truth. The student who has advanced still further can know the sun disc, which is compared to knowledge of the Paramatma feature of the Absolute Truth. And the student who can enter into the heart of the sun planet is compared to those who realize the personal features of the Supreme Absolute Truth.
Therefore, the bhaktas, or the transcendentalists who have realized the Bhagavan feature of the Absolute Truth, are the topmost transcendentalists, although all students who are engaged in the study of the Absolute Truth are engaged in the same subject matter.
The sunshine, the sun disc and the inner affairs of the sun planet cannot be separated from one another, and yet the students of the three different phases are not in the same category. (from Srila Prabhupada's purport to Bhagavad-gita 2.2)
So this is the key to understanding the three philosophies: personalism, yoga and impersonalism. The personalists realize Krishna—the Supreme Personality of Godhead and they realize everything.
The Paramatma form of the Lord in the hearts of all living entities upon which the yogis meditate is an expansion of Krishna—so if one realizes Krishna he also realizes His Paramatma feature. The impersonal effulgence is simply the glare or shining that is emanating from the transcendental body of Krishna. So if one can see the transcendental body of Krishna naturally he can also see the shining effulgence emanating from Krishna's body—that is the Brahmajoti, the destination of the impersonalists.
So the three types of philosophers: personalists, yogis and impersonalits are all realizing different aspects of the same Supreme Personality of Godhead, Krishna.
They are all studying the same subject however the personalists are able to simultaneously understand and appreciate all the different energies and expansions of Krishna but the yogis are only able to see the Paramatma form of the Lord in their hearts and the impersonal energy of the Lord and the impersonalists are only able to realize the Brahmajoti, the impersonal, all-pervading aspect of the Supreme Lord.
Therefore the realization of Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead is the complete realization of the Absolute Truth and the yogis and impersonalists have only partial realization—but they are realizing and studying the same Krishna—their vision is limited to particular aspects only.
There are many different sampradayas or groups of devotees in India and they are realizing different aspects of the Supreme Lord or have slightly different philosophical outlooks. We are the followers of Lord Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu and Srila Prabhupada describes His's philosophy of acintya-bheda abheda-tattvam (inconcieveably simultaneously one and different) as:
“Attraction for water depends on the purity of the taste, and this pure taste is one of the energies of the Lord. The impersonalist perceives the presence of the Lord in water by its taste, and the personalist also glorifies the Lord for His kindly supplying water to quench man's thirst. That is the way of perceiving the Supreme. Practically speaking, there is no conflict between personalism and impersonalism. One who knows God knows that the impersonal conception and personal conception are simultaneously present in everything and that there is no contradiction. Therefore Lord Caitanya established His sublime doctrine: acintya-bheda and abheda-tattvam-simultaneously one and different.”
So there is no contradiction between the personal aspect of Krishna in Krishna consciousness and the impersonalists or the yogis understandings.
However the devotees of Krishna take offense at the Mayavadis who following the Sariraka-bhasya commentary of Vedanta Sutra by Shankacharaya try to establish that the impersonal aspect is supreme and that any time Krishna appears He is in maya and all of Krishna's pastimes are also maya. (That is why we call them “Mayavadis”—because they consider that Krishna and His pastimes are maya.)
So the Vaisnavas have a very big disagreement with the Mayavadis but that will be the subject of another article.
If you have a question or comment related to this email please do not reply to this email, instead go to:
http://krishna.org/the-four-philosophies-impersonalism-yoga-personalism-and-voidism/And post your question there and I will answer it.
Chant Hare Krishna and be happy!
Madhudvisa dasa
www.Krishna.org
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
DARSAN of Srila Gurudev His Divine Grace Srila Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha Goswami Maharaj will be webcast from Kolkata on September 23, 2011 (Friday) on the auspicious occasion of Sri Indira Ekadasi at 6.45 PM IST on www.sreecgmath.org.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
All Glory to Sree Guru and Gauranga!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams!
I hope the webcast of Srila Gurudev's darsan on 23rd September was good. The ending note especially, as few of you mentioned, was important for all of us. He said that we should do (remember or worship the Lord) from the core of the heart. After few minutes of darsan He added, "He (Sri Krishna) knows whether we are doing from the heart or not. We cannot deceive Him."
Later in the night, after His dinner, Srila Gurudev called me and said, "Earlier I used to speak in English. Now I have some sort of difficulty. They ask me to say something but they do not understand Bengali." Then He took the Kartik Handbook by Himself and said to me, "Send page no. 1-4 (Sri Bhajan Rahasya, Rahasyer Pragbandha) to them. By reading that they will get everything. You tell that they should read this. It is very nicely written by Srila Bhakti Siddhanta Saraswti Thakur. It is originally in Bangla, I translated to English. They should go through this."
So, Srila Gurudev wants all of us to read those few pages. Many of you during Darsan webcast ask me on chat to tell Guru Maharaj for few words to all of us. Now He Himself said these. Let us read those pages 1-4 very carefully from the Kartik Handbook and get His blessings. If you do not have the book already download from
http://www.sreecgmath.org/CMS/pdfs/kartik_handbook.pdf.Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
It seems some of you could not access the link provided by me in my earlier post. This is only because of '.' at the end. The following link should work.
http://www.sreecgmath.org/CMS/pdfs/kartik_handbook.pdf
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
By the grace of Sree Sree Guru Gauranga Radha Shyamsunder jiu, Most Revered Srila Gurudev and His sevaks arrived in New Delhi Math on 28th September at 9.30 PM. Welcome and Arati were grand.
On the 1st of October most revered Srila Gurudev will grace all of us through Harikatha about Most Revered Siksha Guru Nityalila-Pravista Om Vishnupad 108 Sree Sreemad Bhakti Promode Puri Goswami Maharaj. Video conference will begin at 7.45 PM. Live English interpretation from Hindi Harikatha.
Visit: www.sreecgmath.org
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Srila Gurudev along with His personal assistants reached Sri Goverdhan at around 5.15 PM on October 4, 2011. Srila Gurudev's bliss did not go unnoticed after having darsan of Sri Giriraj. While on the way, His eagerness to be there instantly could not be hidden. He had darsan of Mansi Ganga before reaching the Giriraj itihas kendra (Museum of Sri Giriraj's history and Srila Madhav Maharaj's pastimes).
After reaching there devotees desired to perform Srila Gurudev's Arati for which He said, "Goverdhan is our object of worship. Arati should be performed to Him." As per His desire and instructions Sri Goverdhan's Arati was performed and later His.
All devotees are welcome for the grand opening ceremony of the center on October 13, 2011 between 9.00 AM and 12.00 noon. For those who are not aware of directions to get to our Giriraj itihas kendra, here are the directions. After reaching Goverdhan bus stand, you have to take the Radhakunda parikrama marg (not Goverdhan Parikrama marg). From the bus stand, this center is about 2 kms on the Radhakunda marg (much much before Radha kunda and Shyam kunda). After you cross Chutad Teka within 200m you find a freshly painted 3-storey building on the left (the center does not have dooms to resemble a math or a temple). Further from the center is Pancamukhi Hanuman Mandir. So our center is in between Chutad Teka and Pancamukhi Hanuman Mandir. This is enough for you to get there. This is how our center looks like: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=224 925577562006&set=a.224925480895349.59390.100001336974155&type=1&theater (courtesy- Sri Radha Madhav Prabhu)
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
N.B.: Please visit the audio and video section in www.sreecgmath.org for the recent Harikatha uploads.
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranam!
Srila Gurudev His Divine Grace Srila Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha Goswami Maharaj will perform worship of the Tridanda on the occasion of His 50th Sannyas Tithi (day as per lunar calender) on October 11, 2011. Later His Divine Grace will speak about the glories of Sri Goverdhan followed by His Sannyasi god-brothers and disciples performing arati to Him. This grand event will take place near our Giriraj Itihas Kendra, Sree Chaitanya Gaudiya Math, Goverdhan, Mathura.
Those who cannot personally be present for the event can take part through our webcast on www.sreecgmath.org . Webcast will begin at 9.00 AM IST. Live interpretation of Harikatha in English language.
Don't miss the event.
Sree Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Note: Due frequent load shedding and power fluctuations and many other challenges, there can be many interruptions during the webcast. Yet, we'll try our best to give you the best.
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Srila Gurudev will deliver Transcendental Divine Harikatha on the occasion of the inauguration ceremony of centennial museum of Srila Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj and Sri Giriraj History Center on October 13, 2011 at Sree Giriraj Itihas Kendra, Sree Chaitanya Gaudiya Math, Goverdhan, Mathura, India.
The webcast of Harikatha and live English interpretation will begin at 10.30 AM IST. Visit www.sreecgmath.org to participate in the webcast.
Sree Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Note: With the locally available internet facility, we will try our best to give you good audio and video.
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Most Revered Srila Gurudev, after completing a month-long Braj Mandal tour, arrived in New Delhi at 5.15 PM on November 9, 2011. His health is steady.
On November 11, 2011 Srila Gurudev will speak Transcendental Harikatha at 8.00 PM IST in New Delhi. Webcast of the event will begin at 7.45 PM IST. Live English interpretation of Harikatha. Visit www.sreecgmath.org.
Srila Gurudev is scheduled to depart from New Delhi for Kolkata by Indigo 6E-203 at 3.30 PM IST on November 12, 2011.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
This mail is for the information of those who have not visited our website recently. Others may ignore.
The media coverage of Srila Gurudev's tour to Braj Mandal are updated in the website www.sreecgmath.org. Kindly visit audio section to listen to full Harikathas in Hindi/Bengali. Lecture notes and English translation will be uploaded in a day or two. Please revisit the audio section if you want English translation of lecture notes.
Also visit Photo album section. Videos capsuled with highlights uploaded in youtube as well.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5zdtaHXU8o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQUWzRLsstk
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Harikathas are always nourishing. They are ever fresh. They are beyond time. This is especially true when the Harikatha emanates from the lips of a pure devotee. That potent medicine is necessary for us all. Always.
But due to our ill-luck Srila Gurudev is not permitted by doctors to speak Harikatha often as before. There were days when Srila Gurudev used to speak Harikatha 3-4 times a day, interact with all devotees, speak eloquently in Bangla, English and Hindi. Devotees have mercifully captured those precious moments in a tiny camera and prepared a pool of Harikathas for us.
By the inspiration of Most Revered Gurudev, we plan to webcast the pre-recorded Harikathas every weekend starting from November 26, 2011. If there are special occasions during the week, we try to play those recordings of Srila Gurudev.
These weekend webcasts will be possible only when Srila Gurudev is not on tour (while in Kolkata only). As per the convenience of Indian and western devotees, English Harikatha will be on every Saturday at 11.00 AM IST and Harikatha in Hindi will be on every Sunday at 8.00 PM. (Suggestions are welcome.) Translation channel from either English-Hindi or Hindi-English will not be available to start with.
I hope devotees will make use of this wonderful opportunity to watch live streaming of recorded videos in a virtual (or online) assembly simultaneously exchanging their ideas over the chat window. This will be launched on a trial basis for the next 3 weekends before we leave for Hyderabad on 15th of December. Depending on the users' response and desire, we'll resume after coming back from there again.
Hope to see you for the inauguration of virtual class room at 11.00 AM on November 26, 2011 with some transcendental kirtans and Harikatha by Srila Gurudev.
Sri Guru Vaishnava dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Webcast of darsan of Most Revered Gurudev distributing Prasad to devotees in Kolkata Math and exchanging loving words with them on the auspicious occasion of Sri Mokshada Ekadasi on the 6th of December 2011 at 6.00PM IST on www.sreecgmath.org.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Webcast of darsan of Most Revered Gurudev distributing Prasad to devotees in Kolkata Math and exchanging loving words with them on the auspicious occasion of Sri Mokshada Ekadasi on the 6th of December 2011 at 6.00PM IST on www.sreecgmath.org.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Webcast of darsan of Most Revered Gurudev distributing Prasad to devotees in Kolkata Math and exchanging loving words with them on the auspicious occasion of Sri Mokshada Ekadasi on the 6th of December 2011 at 6.00PM IST on www.sreecgmath.org.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Webcast of darsan of Most Revered Gurudev distributing Prasad to devotees in Kolkata Math and exchanging loving words with them on the auspicious occasion of Sri Mokshada Ekadasi on the 6th of December 2011 at 6.00PM IST on www.sreecgmath.org.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
Sree Sree Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Revered Vaishnavas,
Dandavat Pranams.
Like a chakor bird (monsoon bird) eagerly waits for the first rain to quench her thirst, devotees must be eagerly waiting to quench their thirst of listening to the glories of Lord and His devotees through His pure devotees. That wait is coming to an end very soon. The rain of Harikatha directly emanating from Srila Gurudev is going to be showered on all of us on 14th day of this month on the holy disappearance of Srila Bhakti Siddhanta Saraswati Thakur Prabhupad. Srila Prabhupad ki Jai!
Webcast details: 14, Dec. 2011 @ 10.30 AM from Kolkata on www.sreecgmath.org
Lord Krishna surely tests the sincere desire of the devotees. His blessings come late (depending on sincerity) but whet they come, they come inundating. Pleased with the sincere desire of all devotees, Srila Gurudev will deliver Harikatha on 3 occasions between 14 and 21st of this month. There will be Harikatha on 16th and 20th of December in Hyderabad. We will try to webcast those events as well (provided we get good internet connectivity). Please watch out for announcements on www.sreecgmath.org.
Sri Guru Vaishnava Dasanudas,
Prahlad Das
