lunes, 5 de abril de 2010

ABHIJÑA - ABHIJNA

Contenido

Fotos de Iskcon Hawaii Daily Darshan

Iskcon Hawaii Daily Darshan

Beautiful Matajis...

En esta foto: Iskcon Hawaii Daily Darshan (fotos)

ABHIJÑA - ABHIJNA

ABHIJÏA. (sáns. Svami Prabhupäda). Plenamente consciente.

ABHIJÏA (sáns.). Llegar a conocer. / Ciencia que compendia los cinco poderes de la doctrina buddhista Mahayana que consisten en: visión de cuanto uno quiere ver; percepción de sonidos a distancia; tomar forma a voluntad; penetrar los pensamientos ajenos y conocer las condiciones de vidas precedentes.

ABHIJÏA. (sáns.). (bud.). (pali, abhénnä). Facultad preternatural que posee un Buddha, un bodhisattva o un arhat. En general se distinguen seis clases de abhijïa, de las cuales las cinco primeras, consideradas cósmicas, se alcanzan por la realización de los cuatro grados de contemplación (dhyäna), y la sexta, considerada supracósmica, sólo por la mirada Suprema (vipasyana). Estas facultades, reconocidas tanto por el Hinayana como por el Mahayana, son:

1. riddhi.

2. "audición celeste" (percepción de las voces humanas y divinas).

3. percepción de los pensamientos de los demás seres.

4. recuerdo de las existencias anteriores.

5. "ojo divino" (conocimiento del ciclo de vidas y muertes de todos los seres).

6. conocimiento de la extinción de las propias máculas y pasiones (asrava, klesa), el cual significa la seguridad de haber alcanzado la liberación.

Abhijna

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

En la filosofía budista, los abhijna son los poderes milagrosos obtenidos a través de la meditación y la sabiduría.

Entre ellos se encuentran la habilidad de viajar por cualquier distancia o tomar cualquier forma voluntariamente, ver todo, escuchar todo, leer mentes y recordar pasadas existencias. Una sexta facultad asombrosa es sólo utilizable por los Budas y arahants (santos), siendo liberada mediante la sabiduría inmaculada (Iluminación).

Los poderes son signos de evolución espiritual, pero la indulgencia es una distracción para el camino hacia la Iluminación.

Obtenido de "http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijna"

Categoría: Conceptos budistas

Abhijna

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[show] Part of a series on Buddhism Portal of Buddhism Outline of Buddhism
History of Buddhism
Timeline - Buddhist councils
Major figures
Gautama Buddha Disciples · Later Buddhists
Dharma or concepts
Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Three marks of existence Dependent origination Saṃsāra · Nirvāṇa Skandha · Cosmology Karma · Rebirth

Practices and attainment
Buddhahood · Bodhisattva 4 stages of enlightenment Wisdom · Meditation Smarana · Precepts · Pāramitās Three Jewels · Monastics Laity
Countries and regions
Schools
Theravāda · Mahāyāna Vajrayāna
Texts
Chinese canon · Pali canon Tibetan canon
Related topics
Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism
This box: view • talk • edit

Abhijña (Skt.; Pali, abhiñña; Tib., mngon shes, མངོན་ཤེས་) has been translated generally as "knowing,"^[1] "direct knowing"^[2] and "direct knowledge"^[3] or, at times more technically, as "higher knowledge"^[1]^[4] and "supernormal knowledge."^[1] In Buddhism, such knowing and knowledge is obtained through virtuous living and meditation. In terms of specifically enumerated knowledges, these include worldly extra-sensory abilities (such as seeing past and future lives) as well as the supramundane extinction of all mental intoxicants (āsava).

[edit] Pali literature

In Pali literature, abhiñña refers to both the direct apprehension of dhamma (translated below as "states" and "qualities") as well as to specialized super-normal capabilities.

[edit] Direct knowing of dhamma

In SN 45.159, the Buddha describes "higher knowledge" (abhiñña) as a corollary to the pursuit of the Noble Eightfold Path:^[4]

[A] monk who cultivates the Noble Eightfold Path, who assiduously practices the Noble Eightfold Path, comprehends with higher knowledge those states that are to be so comprehended, abandons with higher knowledge those states that are to be so abandoned, comes to experience with higher knowledge those states that are to be so experienced, and cultivates with higher knowledge those states that are to be so cultivated.

What, monks, are the states to be comprehended with higher knowledge?
They are the five groups of clinging. Which five? The body-group, the feeling-group, the perception-group, the mental-formation group, the consciousness-group...

What, monks, are the states to be abandoned with higher knowledge?
They are ignorance and the desire for [further] becoming.

And what, monks, are the states to be experienced with higher knowledge?
They are knowledge and liberation.

And what, monk, are the states to be cultivated with higher knowledge?
They are calm and insight.

Such direct knowledge, according to the Buddha, is obscured by desire and passion (chanda-rāga):^[5]

Monks, any desire-passion with regard to the eye is a defilement of the mind. Any desire-passion with regard to the ear... the nose... the tongue... the body... the intellect is a defilement of the mind. When, with regard to these six bases, the defilements of awareness are abandoned, then the mind is inclined to renunciation. The mind fostered by renunciation feels malleable for the direct knowing of those qualities worth realizing.

[edit] Enumerations of special knowledges

In the Pali Canon, the higher knowledges are often enumerated in a group of six or of three types of knowledge.

The six types of higher knowledges (chalabhiñña) are:

"Higher powers" (iddhi-vidhā), such as walking on water and through walls;
"Divine ear" (dibba-sota), that is, clairaudience;
"Mind-penetrating knowledge" (ceto-pariya-ñāṇa), that is, telepathy;
"Remember one's former abodes" (pubbe-nivāsanussati), that is, recalling ones own past lives;
"Divine eye" (dibba-cakkhu), that is, knowing others' karmic destinations; and,
"Extinction of mental intoxicants" (āsavakkhaya), upon which arahantship. follows^[6]

The attainment of these six higher powers is mentioned in a number of discourses, most famously the "Fruits of Contemplative Life Discourse" (Samaññaphala Sutta, DN 2).^[7] The first five powers are obtained through meditative concentration (samadhi) while the sixth is obtained through insight (vipassana). The sixth type is the ultimate goal of Buddhism, which is the end of all suffering and destruction of all ignorance.^[8]

Similarly, the three knowledges or wisdoms (tevijja or tivijja) are:

"Remember one's former abodes" (pubbe-nivāsanussati);
"Divine eye" (dibba-cakkhu); and,
"Extinction of mental intoxicants" (āsavakkhaya).^[9]

The three knowledges are mentioned in numerous discourses including the Maha-Saccaka Sutta (MN 36) in which the Buddha describes obtaining each of these three knowledges on the first, second and third watches respectively of the night of his enlightenment. These forms of knowledge typically are listed as arising after the attainment of the fourth jhana.^[10]

While such powers are considered to be indicative of spiritual progress, Buddhism cautions against their indulgence or exhibition since such could divert one from the true path of obtaining suffering's release.^[8]

[edit] Parallels in other cultures

The first five types of Abhijna, are similar to the siddhis of yoga, mentioned in the Bhagavata Purana and by Patanjali:^[8]

Knowing the past, present and future;
Tolerance of heat, cold and other dualities;
Knowing the minds of others;
Checking the influence of fire, sun, water, poison, and so on;
Remaining unconquered by others.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), pp. 64-65.
^ Thanissaro (1994).
^ Bodhi (2000), e.g., SN 45.159 (pp. 1557-8).
^ ^a ^b Walshe (1985, 2007), passage 56, SN 45.159.
^ SN 27.1 (Thanissaro, 1994).
^ Orientalia (2007); Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-5), pp. 64-65, 115-116, 121-122, 272, 288-289, 372, 432; Thanissaro (1997).
^ Thanissaro (1997). Other discourses that mention the six types of higher knowledge include the Kevatta Sutta (DN 11), the Lohicca Sutta (DN 12) and the Mahasakuludayi Sutta (MN 77).
^ ^a ^b ^c Encyclopædia Britannica (2007).
^ See, for instance, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), pp. 307, 617.
^ Thanissaro (1998). Other discourses that mention the three include the Tevijja Sutta (DN 13) and the Bhaya-bherava Sutta (MN 4).

[edit] Sources

"Abhijna" (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-05-18 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003346.
"Abhinna" (2007). In Orientalia: Eastern Philosophy, Religion and Culture. Retrieved 2007-05-18 from Orientalia: http://www.orientalia.org/dictionary-Buddhist_Dictionary-definition22811-abhinna.html.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-331-1.
Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). "Abhiñña" in the The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Retrieved 2007-05-18 from Digital Dictionaries of South Asia: http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1696.pali.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1994). Upakkilesa Samyutta: Defilements (SN 27.1-10). Retrieved 2008-07-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn27/sn27.001-010.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life (DN 2). Retrieved 2007-05-18 from: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka (excerpt) (MN 36). Retrieved 2007-05-19 from: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.036x.than.html.
Walshe, Maurice O'C. (1985). Samyutta Nikaya: An Anthology (Part III) (Wheel Nos. 318-21). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2008-07-17 from "Access to Insight" (transcribed 2007) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/walshe/wheel318.html.

[hide] v • d • e Buddhism • Portal

Articles: Glossary • History – Timeline • Schools • Texts • Countries – Regions • Culture • Lists: Temples – People – Index – Outline

Buddhism topics

Foundations	Three Jewels (Buddha · Dharma · Sangha) · Four Noble Truths · Noble Eightfold Path · Nirvana · Middle Way

The Buddha	Tathāgata · Birthday · Four sights · Physical characteristics · Footprint · Iconography · Films · Miracles · Family: (Suddhodana (father) · Maya (mother) · Yasodhara (wife) · Rahula (son)) · Places where the Buddha stayed · Buddha in world religions

Key concepts	Three Marks of Existence: (Impermanence · Suffering • Not-self) · Dependent Origination · Five Aggregates · Karma · Rebirth · Saṃsāra · Saṅkhāra · Defilements · Ignorance · Craving · Five Hindrances · Ten Fetters · Faculties · Enlightenment (Awakening) · Parinirvana · Thusness · Two truths doctrine · Emptiness · Bodhicitta · Bodhisattva · Buddha-nature · Mindstream · Dzogchen

Cosmology	Ten spiritual realms · Six Realms (Hell · Animal realm · Hungry Ghost realm · Asura realm · Human realm · Heaven) · Three planes of existence

Practices	Refuge · Buddhist devotion · Puja: (Offerings · Prostration · Chanting) · Merit · Paritta · Generosity · Renunciation · Morality: (Precepts · Bodhisattva vows · Patimokkha) · Threefold Training: (Morality · Concentration · Wisdom) · Four Divine Abidings: (Loving-kindness · Compassion · Sympathetic joy · Equanimity) · Perfections · Enlightenment Qualities · Seven Factors of Enlightenment · Bases of Power · Five Strengths · Faith · Effort (Four Right Exertions) · Mindfulness (Satipatthana) · Jhāna (Dhyāna) · Bhavana · Meditation: (Kammaṭṭhāna · Recollection · Smarana · Mindfulness of Breathing · Serenity meditation · Insight meditation · Shikantaza · Zazen · Kōan · Mandala · Tonglen · Tantra · Tertön · Terma)

Attainment	Types of Buddha · Private Buddha · Bodhisattva · Four stages of enlightenment: (Stream-enterer · Once-returner · Non-returner · Arahant)

Monasticism	Monk · Nun · Novice monk · Novice nun · Anagarika · Ajahn · Sayadaw · Zen master · Roshi · Lama · Rinpoche · Geshe · Tulku · Householder · Lay follower · Disciple

Major figures	Gautama Buddha · Sāriputta · Mahamoggallāna · Ananda · Maha Kassapa · Anuruddha · Mahakaccana · Nanda · Subhuti · Punna · Upali · Mahapajapati Gotami · Khema · Uppalavanna · Buddhaghosa · Nagasena · Bodhidharma · Nagarjuna · Asanga · Vasubandhu · Atisha · Padmasambhava · Dalai Lama

Texts	Tipitaka: (Vinaya Pitaka · Sutta Pitaka · Abhidhamma Pitaka) · Commentaries: (Visuddhimagga) · Mahayana sutras · Chinese Buddhist canon (Tripitaka Koreana) · Tibetan Buddhist canon

Branches	Theravada · Mahayana: (Zen · Pure Land · Tiantai · Nichiren · Madhyamaka · Yogacara) · Vajrayana: (Tibetan Buddhism · Shingon) · Early Buddhist schools · Pre-sectarian Buddhism · Basic points unifying Theravada and Mahayana

Countries	Bangladesh · Bhutan · Burma · Cambodia · China · India · Indonesia · Japan · Korea · Laos · Malaysia · Mongolia · Nepal · Pakistan · Russia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Taiwan · Thailand · Tibet · Vietnam · Middle East: (Iran) · Western countries: (Australia · United Kingdom · United States)

History	Timeline · Buddhist councils · History of Buddhism in India · Decline of Buddhism in India · Ashoka the Great · Greco-Buddhism · Buddhism and the Roman world · Silk Road transmission of Buddhism · Persecution of Buddhists

Philosophy	Abhidharma · Logic · Buddhology · Eschatology · Reality · God · Humanism · Engaged Buddhism · Socialism · Anarchism · Economics · Atomism · Evolution · Sexuality · Homosexuality · Ethics · Fourteen unanswerable questions

Culture	Art · Greco-Buddhist art · Poetry · Buddha statue · Budai · Symbolism: (Dharmacakra · Flag · Bhavacakra · Thangka) · Prayer wheel · Mala · Mudra · Mantra (Om mani padme hum) · Music · Holidays: (Vesak · Magha Puja · Uposatha) · Rains retreat · Monastic robe · Architecture: (Vihara · Wat · Stupa · Pagoda · Thai temple art and architecture) · Pilgrimage: (Lumbini · Bodh Gaya · Sarnath · Kushinagar) · Bodhi Tree · Mahabodhi Temple · Calendar · Cuisine · Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous	Lineage · Maitreya · Avalokiteśvara (Guan Yin) · Amitābha · Brahmā · Māra · Dhammapada · Vinaya · Sutra · Hinayana · Liturgical languages: (Pali · Sanskrit) · Dharma talk · Kalpa · Higher Knowledge · Supernormal Powers

Buddhism and:	Science · Psychology · Hinduism · Jainism · East Asian religions · Christianity · Theosophy · Gnosticism

Lists	Buddhas · Twenty-eight Buddhas · Bodhisattvas · Buddhists · Suttas · Books · Temples

Portal · Category · Glossary · Outline · Index