Dictionary Index Site Index Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionary The Manurishi Foundation - Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hindu Terms Use your browsers "Find" function (Ctrl F) to go to the article of your choice. To find a primary article, put a dash (-) behind your word. Example: "Lakshmi-" Note: You may have to set your browser's find function to find "Up" on your first search. 8.Nagakesara - Prajapala Nagakesara: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for Mesua ferrea. Nagaloka: (sáns. hindú). Patala, the residence of the Nagas. Naganandana: (sáns. hindú). A Buddhist drama in five acts by Sri Harsha Deva. Nagapati: (sáns. hindú). (naga "unmoving, mountain" + pati "lord") The lord of the mountains; a name of Himavan. Nagara: (sáns. hindú). A city. There are seven sacred cities which confer eternal happiness: 1) Ayodhya, 2)Mathura, 3) Maya (Gaya), 4) Kashi (Benares), 5) Kanchi (Conjeveram), 6) Avnnti or Avantika (Ujjayini), 7) Dvaraka or Dvaravati. Nagara: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for ginger. Nagaraja: (sáns. hindú). (naga "serpent" + raja "king") 1. The king of serpents. 2. A name of Vishnu's divine serpent Ananta or Shesha. 3. A name of Shiva who wears serpents as a mark of immortality. 4. (naga "unmoving, mountain" + raja "king") The king of mountains; a name of Himavan. Nagaramotha: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra. See motha. Nagari: (sáns. hindú). (naga "serpent" + ari "enemy") 1. The enemy of serpents. 2. A name of Vishnu's divine vehicle, the eagle Garuda. Nagavalli: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra. See tambula. Nagendra: (sáns. hindú). (naga "serpent" + indra "king") 1. The chief of serpents. 2. A name of Vishnu's divine serpent Ananta or Shesha. 3. A name of Shiva who wears serpents as a mark of immortality. 4. (naga "unmoving, mountain" + indra "chief") The chief of the mountains; a name of Himavan. Nagesha: (sáns. hindú). (naga "serpent" + isha "lord") 1. The Lord of serpents. 2. A name of Vishnu's divine serpent Ananta or Shesha. 3. A name of Shiva who wears serpents as a mark of immortality. 4. A name of Maharshi Patanjali who is an incarnation of Shesha. Nageshvara: (sáns. hindú). (naga "unmoving, mountain" + ishvara "lord") The lord of the mountains; a name of Himavan. Nageshvari: (sáns. hindú). (naga "serpent" + ishvari "sovereign goddess") The Goddess of serpents; a name of the Manasa, sister of Ananta or Shesha, who protects mankind from the venom of serpents. Nagna: (sáns. hindú). 1. Naked. 2. Shiva's 805th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nagnavratadhara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who observes the holy rite of being naked. 2. Shiva's 806th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nahus: (sáns. hindú). A proper name used in the Rigveda. Nahusha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Son of Ayus, the oldest son of Pururavas, and father of Yayati. This king is mentioned by Manu as having come into conflict with the Brahmans, and his story is repeated several times with variations in different parts of the Mahabharata as well as in the Puranas, the aim and object of it evidently being to exhibit the retribution awaiting any man who belittles the power of Brahmans and refuses to give the respect due to them. Manu tells us, "By sacrifices, austere fervor, sacred study, self-restraint, and valor, Nahugha acquired the undisturbed sovereignty of the three worlds. Through want of virtuous humility the great king Nahusha was utterly ruined." One version of the story says that he aspired to the possession of Indrani, wife of Indra, when that god had concealed himself for having killed a Brahman. A thousand great Rishis bore the car of Nahusha through the air, and on one occasion he touched with his foot the great Agastya, who was carrying him. The sage in his anger cried out, "Fall, you serpent," and Nahusha fell from his glorious car and became a serpent. Agastya, at the supplication of Nahusha, put a limit to the curse; and according to one version, the doomed man was released from it by the instrumentality of Yudhishthira, when he threw off "his huge reptile form, became clothed in a celestial body, and ascended to heaven." 2. Chand warns not to identify Nahusha, as it is found in the Yajurveda, with Yayati's father. Nahushas: (sáns. hindú). Men, neighboring people. Naika: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Not one. 2. Shiva's 164th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Naikasheyas: (sáns. hindú). Carnivorous imps descended from Nikasha, mother of Ravana. They are called also Nikashatmajas. Naikatmanaikakarmakrit: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who is not a single soul and who does not perform single task alone. 2. Shiva's 983 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Naimisha: (sáns. hindú). A forest (aranya) near the Gomati (Gumti) river, in which the Mahabharata was rehearsed by Sauti to the assembled Rishis. Naimisharanya: (sáns. hindú). See Naimisha. Nairrita: (sáns. hindú). Belonging to the southwest quarter; the regent of that quarter. An imp, goblin, or Rakshasa. Naishadhacharita: (sáns. hindú). A poem on the life of Nala, king of Nishadha, by Sri Harsha, a great sceptical philosopher who lived in the eleventh or twelfth century CE. It is one of the six Mahakavyas. Naishadhiya: (sáns. hindú). See Naishadhacharita. Nakadhipa: (sáns. hindú). (naka "heaven" + adhipa "overlord") The overlord of heaven; a name of Indra. Nakanadi: (sáns. hindú). (naka "heaven" + nadi "river") The celestial or heavenly river; a name of the Holy Ganges as the Milky Way. Nakanatha: (sáns. hindú). (naka "heaven" + natha "lord") The Lord of heaven; a name of Indra. Nakapati: (sáns. hindú). (naka "heaven" + pati "lord") The Lord of heaven; a name of Indra. Nakesha: (sáns. hindú). (naka "heaven" + isha "lord") The Lord of heaven; a name of Indra. Nakeshvara: (sáns. hindú). (naka "heaven" + ishvara "lord") The Lord of heaven; a name of Indra. Nakharadana: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra meaning "to scratch." Nakin: (sáns. hindú). One who dwells in heaven. Nakshatra: (sáns. hindú). A heavenly body or star. Nakshatramali: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Having a garland of the stars. 2. Shiva's 590th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nakshatras: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Mansions of the moon At first they were twenty-seven in number, but they were increased to twenty-eight. They are said to be daughters of Daksha, who were married to the moon. See Daksha. 2. A constellation through which the moon passes. 3) abode of the gods or of pious persons after death. Nakula: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A mongoose. 2. The name of the Pandava brother who was the twin brother of Sahadeva by the two Ashvins deities through Madri. 3. A name of Shiva who, like the mongoose, is immune from the venom of serpents. Nakula: (sáns. hindú). The fourth of the Padu princes. He was the twin son of Madri, the second wife of Pandu, but mythologically he was son of the Ashvins, or more specifically of the Ashvin Nisatya. He was taught the art of training and managing horses by Drona, and when he entered the service of the king of Virata he was master of the horse. He had a son named Niramitra by his wife Karenumati, a princess of Chedi. See Mahabharata. Nala: (sáns. hindú). 1 . King of Nishadha and husband of Damayanti. The story of Nala and Damayanti is one of the episodes of the Mahabharata. Damayanti was the only daughter of Bhima, king of Vidarbha (Birar), and was very lovely and accomplished. Nala was brave and handsome, virtuous, and learned in the Vedas, skilled in arms and in the management of horses, but addicted to the vice of gambling. They loved each other upon the mere fame of their respective virtues and beauty, and Damayanti pined for the presence of her unknown lover. Bhima determined that his daughter should hold a svayamvara. Rajas flocked to it in crowds, and among them Nala. Four gods, Indra, Agni, Varuna, and Yama, also attended. Nala met them on the way, and reverently promised to do their will. They bade him enter the palace and inform Damayanti that they would present themselves among the candidates, and that she must choose one of them. Nala reluctantly performed his task, but his presence perfected his conquest, and the maiden announced her resolve to pay due homage to the gods, but to choose him for her lord. Each of the four gods assumed the form of Nala, but the lover's eye distinguished the real one, and she made her choice. They married and lived for some time in great happiness, a son and a daughter, named Indrasena and Indrasena (the latter name having a long terminal a), being born to them. Kali, a personification of the Kali or iron age, arrived too late for the swayamvara. He resolved to be revenged, and he employed his peculiar powers to ruin Nala through his love of gambling. At his instigation, Pushkara, Nala's younger brother, proposed a game of dice. Kali charmed the dice, and Nala went on losing; but he was infatuated; the entreaties of friends and ministers, wife and children, were of no avail; he went on until he had lost his all, even to his clothes. His rival Pushkara became king, and proclaimed that no one was to give food or shelter to Nala, so the ruined monarch wandered forth into the forest with his wife, and suffered great deprivation. Some birds flew away with his only garment. He resolved to abandon his wife in the hope that she would return to her father's court, So he divided her sole remaining garment while she slept and left her. Thus left alone, Damayanti wandered about in great distress. She did not go home, but she at length found service and protection with the princess of Cedi. Nala fell in with the king of serpents, who was under a curse from which Nala was to deliver him. The serpent bit Nala, and told him that the poison should work upon him until the evil spirit was gone out of him, and that he should then be restored to all he loved. Through the effects of the bite he was transformed into a misshapen dwarf. In this form he entered the service of Rituparna, king of Ayodhya, as a trainer of horses and an accomplished cook, under the name of Bahuka. Damayanti was discovered and conducted to her father's home, where she found her children. Great search was made for Nala, but in vain, for no one knew him in his altered form. One Brahman, however, suspected him, and informed Damayanti. She resolved to test his feelings by announcing her intention of holding a second svayamvara. King Rituparna determined to attend, and took Nala with him as driver of his chariot. Rituparna was skilled in numbers and the rules of chance. On their journey he gave a wonderful proof of this, and he instructed Nala in the science. When Nala had acquired this knowledge the evil spirit went out of him, but still he retained his deformity. Damayanti half penetrated his disguise, and was at length convinced that he was her husband by the flavor of a dish which he had cooked. They met, and, after some loving reproaches and the interference of the gods, they became reconciled, and Nala resumed his form. He again played with Pushkara, and staked his wife against the kingdom. Profiting by the knowledge he had obtained from Rituparna, he won back all and again became king. Pushkara then humbled himself, and Nala not only forgave him, but sent him home to his own city enriched with many gifts. 2. A monkey chief, said to be a son of Vishvakarma. According to the Ramayana, he had the power of making stones float in water. He was in Rama's army and built the bridge of stone called Ramasetu, or Nalasetu, from the continent to Sri Lanka, over which Rama passed with his army. Naladi: (sáns. hindú). A word found in the Atharvaveda meaning Indian spikenard. Nalakantha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Blue throat. 2. An epithet of Shiva. See Shiva. Nalakuvara: (sáns. hindú). A son of Kuvera. Nalini: (sáns. hindú). 1 . She who is like the lotus. 2. The gentle one. Nalodaya: (sáns. hindú). The Rise of Nala. A poem describing the restoration to power of King Nala after he had lost his all. It is ascribed to a Kalidasa, but the composition is very artificial, and the ascription to the great Kalidasa may well be doubted. Nalopakhyana: (sáns. hindú). The story of Nala, an episode of the Mahabharata. See Nala. Nam: (sáns. hindú). 1 . To yield. 2. To keep silent or quiet. Namasya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The worshipful, worthy of salutation. 2. The worshipping, saluting. Nambudiri: (sáns. hindú). The name of a South Indian tradition of Brahmanas. Nami: (sáns. hindú). A friend or protege of Indra. Namuchi: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A demon slain by Indra with the foam of water. The legend of Namuchi first appears in the Rigveda, where it is said that Indra ground "the head of the slave Namuchi like a sounding and rolling cloud," but it is amplified by the commentator and also in the Shatapatha Brahmana and Mahabharata. When Indra conquered the Asuras there was one Namuchi who resisted so strongly that he overpowered Indra and held him. Namuchi offered to let Indra go on promise not to kill him by day or by night, with wet or with dry. Indra gave the promise and was released, but he cut off Namuchi's head at twilight, between day and night, and with the foam of water, which was, according to the authorities, neither wet nor dry. The Mahabharata adds that the severed head followed Indra calling out "O wicked slayer of your friend." 2. In the Vedas Namuci is a demon of draught. Nanabhutadhara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Supporter of the different kinds of living beings. 2. Shiva's 621st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nanda: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The joyous. 2. A king, or dynasty of kings, of Magadha, that reigned at Pataliputra, and was overthrown by Candragupta the Maurya about 315 BCE. See Candragupta. 3. The name of Sri Krishna's foster father. 3. Vishnu's 528th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Nandana: (sáns. hindú). The grove of Indra, lying to the north of Meru. Nandi: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The happy or joyful. 2. The name of Shiva's bull, representative of Dharma. The Vayupurana makes him the son of Kashyapa and Surabhi. His image, of a milky white color, is always conspicuous before the temples of Shiva. He is the chamberlain of Shiva, chief of his personal attendants (ganas), and carries a staff of office. He is guardian of all quadrupeds. He is also called Shalankayana, and he has the appellations of Nadideha and Tandavatalika, because he accompanies with music the tandava dance of his master. 3. A name of Vishnu expressing His blissful nature. 4. A name of Shiva expressing His blissful nature. Nandimukhas: (sáns. hindú). A class of Pitris or Manes, of whose character there is a great deal of uncertainty. Nandini: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Having or enjoying bliss. 2. The cow of plenty belonging to the sage Vasishtha, said to have been born of Surabhi, the cow of plenty that was produced at the churning of the ocean. 3. A name of Durga. 4. A name of Ganga. 5. Without the terminal "i" it is Shiva's 803 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nandipurana: (sáns. hindú). See Purana. Nandirudra: (sáns. hindú). (nandi "joyous" + rudra "roaring, terrific") The joyful Rudra; a name of Shiva. Nandisha: (sáns. hindú). "Lord of Nandi." A title of Shiva. It is related in the Ramayana that Ravana went to the Sharavana, the birthplace of Karttikeya, and on his way through the mountains he beheld a formidable, dark, tawny-colored dwarf called Nandishvara, who was a follower of Mahadeva, or rather that deity himself in another body. The dwarf asked Ravana to halt, because Shiva was sporting in the mountain, and no one, not even a god, could pass. Ravana asked derisively who Shiva was, and laughed contemptuously at Nandishvara, who had the face of a monkey. Nandishvara retorted that monkeys, having the same shape as himself and of similar energy, should be produced to destroy Ravana's race. In reply to this menace, Ravana threatened to pull up the mountain by its roots and let Shiva know his own danger. So he threw his arms around the mountain and lifted it up, which made the hosts of Shiva tremble and Parvati quake and cling to her husband. Shiva then pressed down the mountain with his great toe, and crushed and held fast the arms of Ravana, who uttered a loud cry which shook all creation. Ravana's friends counselled him to propitiate Shiva, and he did so for a thousand years with hymns and weeping. Shiva then released him, and said that his name should be Ravana from the cry (rava) which he had uttered. Dowson claimes in his Classical Dictionary, "the origin of this story is sufficiently manifest, it has been built up on the name Ravana, to the glory of Shiva by a zealous partisan of that deity. Nandishvara: (sáns. hindú). (nandi "joyous" + ishvara "lord") 1. The Lord of Nandi. 2. Shiva's 804th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama 3. See Nandisha. Nandyavarta: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for Anthocephalus indicus. Napunsaka: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra meaning "impotent" or "eunuch." Nara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Self, man, leader, the original eternal man. 2. Vishnu's 246th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. 3. The name of a divine ascetic who with Narayana is worshipped in Badrinath and said to be reborn as Arjuna and Sri Krishna. 4. Human being. 5. Shiva's 1088th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Narachi: (sáns. hindú). The name of a medicinal plant mentioned in the Atharvaveda. Narada: (sáns. hindú). A Rishi to whom some hymns of the Rigveda are ascribed. He is one of the Prajapatis, and also one of the seven great Rishis. The various notices of him are somewhat inconsistent. The Rigveda describes him as "of the Kanva family." Another authority states that he sprang from the forehead of Brahma, and the Vishnupurana makes him a son of Kashyapa and one of Daksha's daughters. The Mahabharata and some Puranas state that he frustrated the scheme which Daksha had formed for peopling the earth, and consequently incurred that patriarch's curse to enter again the womb of a woman and be born. Daksha however, relented at the request of Brahma, and consented that Narada should be born again of Brahma and one of Daksha's daughters; he was hence called Brahma and Devabrahma. In some respects he bears a resemblance to Orpheus. He is the inventor of the vina (lute), and was chief of the Gandharvas or heavenly musicians. He also went down to the infernal regions (Patala), and was delighted with what he saw there. In later times he is connected with the legend of Krishna. He warned Kansha of the imminent incarnation of Vishnu, and he afterwards became the friend and associate of Krishna. The Narada-pancha-ratra relates that Brahma advised his son Narada to marry, but Narada censured his father as a false teacher, because devotion to Krishna was the only true means of felicity. Brahma then cursed Narada to lead a life of sensuality, in subjection to women. Narada retorted the curse, condemning Brahma to lust after his own daughter, and to be an object unworthy of adoration. Narada has the appellations, Kalikaraka, "strife-maker"; Kapivaktra, "monkey-faced"; Pishuna, "messenger" or "spy." Narada was also one of the great writers upon law. He wrote a textbook, called Naradiya Dharma-shastra. Narada Pancharatra: (sáns. hindú). A ritualistic work of the Vaishnavas. Naradapurana: (sáns. hindú). "Where Narada has described the duties which were observed in the Brihat Kalpa, that is called the Naradiya. There is another work called the Brihan or Great Naradiya. These Puranas, says Wilson, bear "no conformity to the definition of a Purana; both are sectarial and modern compilations, intended to support the doctrine of Bhakti or faith in Vishnu." They are modern composition possibly even of so late a date as the sixteenth or seventeenth century. One of them refers to the "killers of cows" and "contemners of the gods," meaning, no doubt, the Mohammadans, so that the passage would seem to have been written after India was in their hands. Naradhara: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + adhara "supporter") 1. The supporter of mankind. 2. A name of Shiva. Naradiyapurana: (sáns. hindú). See Naradapurana. Narahari: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + hari "tawny, lion") 1. Man-lion. 2. A name of Vishnu referring to His fourth incarnation. Naraka: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Hell; a place of torture to which the souls of the wicked are sent. Manu enumerates twenty-one hells: 1) Tamisra, 2) Andhatamisra, 3) Maharaurava, 4) Raurava, 5) Naraka, 6) Kalasutra, 7) Mahanaraka, 8) Sanjivana, 9) Mahavichi, 10) Tapana, 11) Sampratapana, 12) Sanhata, 13) Sakakola, 14) Kudmala, 15) Putimrittika, 16) Lohashanku, 17) Rijisha, 18) Panthana, 19) Shalmali, 20) Asipatravana, and 21) Lohadaraka. Other authorities vary greatly as to the number and names of the hells. See Vishnupurana, ii. 214. 2. An Asura, son of the Earth. In the Mahabharata and Vishnupurana he is said to have carried off the earrings of Aditi to the impregnable castle of Pragjyotisha, but Krishna, at the request of the gods, went there and killed him and recovered the jewel. In the Harivansha the legend differs. According to this, Naraka, king of Pragjyotisha, was an implacable enemy of the gods. He assumed the form of an elephant, and having carried off the daughter of Vishvakarma, he subjected her to violation. He seized the daughters of the Gandharvas, and of gods and of men, as well as the Apsarasas themselves, and had more than 16,000 women, for whom he built a splendid residence. He also appropriated to himself jewels, garments, and valuables of all sorts, and no Asura before him had ever been so horrible in his actions. Narakasthanam: (sáns. hindú). A word used in the Rigveda meaning "hell." Griffith quotes Sayana as stating, "The wicked are the cause of the existence of the place of punishment prepared for them." Naranarayana: (sáns. hindú). Two ancient Rishis, sons of Dharma and Ahinsa. The names are sometimes applied to Krishna and to Krishna and Arjuna. The Vamanapurana has a legend about them which is alluded to in the drama of Vikramorvashi. Their penances and austerities alarmed the gods, so Indra sent nymphs to inspire them with passion and disturb their devotion. Narayana took a flower and placed it on his thigh. Immediately there sprung from it a beautifui nymph whose charms far excelled those of the celestial nymphs, and made them return to heaven filled with shame and vexation. Narayana sent this nymph to Indra with them. and from her having been produced from the thigh (uru) of the sage, she was called Urvashi. Narani: (sáns. hindú). [Tamil] 1. The consort of Narayana (i.e. Vishnu). 2. A name of Lakshmi. Narapriya: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + priya "beloved") 1. The beloved of mankind. 2. The favorable to mankind. Narashada: (sáns. hindú). In the Rigveda, it may be the name of a fiend. Usually, Narashada is a patronymic of Kanva. Narashamsa: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A eulogistic song. 2. A title of Agni. 3. Praise of men. Narasimhan: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + simha "lion") 1. The Man-Lion. 2. The name of Vishnu's fourth incarnation. There was a demon king by the name of Hiranyakashipu whose son, Prahlada, was a great devotee of Vishnu. His son's devotion so enraged Hiranyakashipu that he tried to kill the boy. Vishnu protected Prahlada and then took the form of a man-lion and killed the demon who was invincible to Gods, men and beasts. Another story of Narasimhan exists in Sri Shankara's biography. It is reported that once Sri Shankara was about to have his head chopped off by a fierce opponent. His disciple, Padmapada, who lived far from the scene of the impending execution, suddenly saw the whole incident. As Padmapada had attained perfection in the worship of Narasimhan, he identified himself with that form of God and destroyed his master's opponent just as Narasimhan had destroyed the evil Hiranyakashipu. Narasimhanipatana: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who struck down Narasimha. 2. Shiva's 798th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter Narasimhi: (sáns. hindú). A Matrika. The shakti of Narasinha the avatara. Narasimhi was made manifest to aid Devi in a battle against the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha. For further details see Brahmani. Narasinha Avatara: (sáns. hindú). See Avatar. Narasinhapurana: (sáns. hindú). See Purana.. Naravahana: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Having human beings for vehicles. 2. Shiva's 702 nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Naravira: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + vira "hero") 1. A heroic man. 2. Hero among men. Naravishvana: (sáns. hindú). A man-devourer; a Rakshasa or other malignant being. Narayana: (sáns. hindú). (nara "products of the Self" + ayana "abode") 1. The abode of beings. 2. The son of Nara, the original man, and often identified or coupled with Nara. 4. The creator Brahma, who, according to Manu, was so called because the waters (nara) were his first ayana or place of motion. The name is found for the first time in the Shatapatha Brahmana. The name as commonly used applies to Vishnu, and is that under which he was first worshipped. 3. Vishnu's 245th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Narayanapriya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Fond of Narayana. 2. Shiva's 1089th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Narayani: (sáns. hindú). The consort of Narayana (i.e. of Vishnu); a name of Lakshmi. Narayitam: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for homosexuality. Narendra: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + indra "chief") The chief of mankind. Naresha: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man + isha "lord") The Lord of mankind. Nareshvara: (sáns. hindú). (nara "man" + ishvara lord") The Lord of mankind. Nari: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Woman. 2. The name of a daughter of Mount Meru. Narishta: (sáns. hindú). A word that is translated "assembly" or "legislature" as it is used in the Atharvaveda. Narmada: (sáns. hindú). 1 . She who gives pleasure; the name of the fifth of the seven holy rivers invoked during the sipping of water in a puja. 2. The Nerbudda river, which is esteemed holy. The personified river is variously represented as being daughter of a Rishi named Mekala (from whom she is called Mekala and Mekalakanya), as a daughter of the moon, as a "mind-born daughter" of the Somapas, and as sister of the Nagas. It was she who brought Purukutsa to the aid of the Nagas against the Gandharvas, and the grateful snake-gods made her name a charm against the venom of snakes. According to the Vishnupurana, she had a son by Purukutsa who was named Trasadasyu. The Matsyapurana gives Duhsaha as the name of her husband. The Harivansha is inconsistent with itself. In one place it makes her wife of Purukutsa and mother of Trasadasyu; in another it makes her the wife of Trasadasyu. She is also called Reva and Purvaganga, and, as a daughter of the moon, Induja and Somodbhava. Narmadeshvara: (sáns. hindú). (narmada "name of a river" + ishvara "lord") The Lord of the river Narmada; a name of Shiva who is associated with the holy river Narmara: (sáns. hindú). A Vedic fiend. Narmini: (sáns. hindú). A word used in the Rigveda that may be the name of a fort. Nartaka: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The dancer. 2. Shiva's 375th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Narya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The powerful, heroic. 2. Manly, human. 3. A liberal prince written about in the Rigveda. 4. A word used for a chief or Rishi. Nasatya: (sáns. hindú). Name of one of the Ashvins. It is also used in the plural for both of them. Nata: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Actor. 2. Shiva's 849 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Natana: (sáns. hindú). Dancing; a name of Shiva referring to His fivefold dance which creates, preserves, destroys, veils and blesses. Nataraja: (sáns. hindú). (nata "dancer" + raja "king") The king of dancers; a name of Shiva referring to His dancing form. Natavara: (sáns. hindú). (nata "dancer" + vara "best") The best of dancers; a name of Shiva referring to His dancing form. Natesha: (sáns. hindú). (nata "dancer" + isha "lord") The Lord of dancers; a name of Shiva referring to His dancing form. Nateshvara: (sáns. hindú). (nata "dancer + ishvara "lord) The Lord of dancers; a name of Shiva referring to His dancing form. Nateshvari: (sáns. hindú). The consort of Nateshvara (i.e. Shiva); a name of Parvati. Natha: (sáns. hindú). The Lord or ruler. This name of God is explained in different passages by Sri Shankara as, sought, shining, blessing and ruling. Nati: (sáns. hindú). Bowing or humble. Natyapriya: (sáns. hindú). (natya "dancing" + priya "fond of, beloved") Fond of dancing; a name of Shiva. Navagva: (sáns. hindú). A member of a mythical priestly family. Navagvas: (sáns. hindú). A mythical race spoken of in the Rigveda. Navamalika: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for Plumeria rubra, commonly known as frangipani. Navapattrika: (sáns. hindú). A bundle of nine plants that is a central object of the Durga Puja. The navapattrika is considered the goddess herself. Navaratna: (sáns. hindú). The nine gems: pearl, ruby, topaz, diamond, emerald, lapis lazuli, coral, sapphire, and one not identified called Gomeda. The nine gems of the court of Vikrama, probably meaning Vikramaditya, whose era the Samvat begins in 56 BCE. A verge gives their names as Dhanvantari, Kshapanaka, Amara Sinha, Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Ghatakarpara, Kalidasa, Varahamihira, Vararuchi. The date of Vikramaditya is by no means settled. Bhau Daji endeavorgs to identify Vikrama with Harsha Vikramaditya, who lived in the middle of the sixth century CE. Navavastva: (sáns. hindú). The name of a Vedic chief. Navina: (sáns. hindú). Youthful. Naya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Of good policy. 2. Shiva's 518th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nayaka: (sáns. hindú). The (spiritual) guide. Nema: (sáns. hindú). A word used in the Rigveda (8.89.3) that is said to be the name of a Rishi. Nema claimed that there is a possibility that Indra does not exist. Neshta: (sáns. hindú). One of the seven officiating priests in a sacrifice. It was the Neshta's responsibility to lead the wife of the sacrificer and to prepare the drink sura. Neta: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Leader, guide. 2. Vishnu's 222 nd name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Netra: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Leader, guide. 2. A name for the eyes as they lead beings. Netratraya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Having three eyes. 2. Shiva's 575th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Netri: (sáns. hindú). Leader, guide. 2. A name of Lakshmi. Nicrid Arshi Gayatri Cand: (sáns. hindú). A meter of seventeen syllables. Nidagha: (sáns. hindú). A Brahman, son of Pulastya, who dwelt "at Vira-nagara, a large handsome city on the banks of the Devika river" (the Gogra). He was a disciple of the sage Ribhu, and when Ribhu went to visit his disciple, Nidagha entertained him reverentially. Ribhu instructed him in divine knowledge until he learned to "behold all things as the same with himself, and, perfect in holy knowledge, obtained final liberation." Nidagha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Summer. 2. Shiva's 680 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nidana Sutra: (sáns. hindú). A n old work upon the metres of the Veda. Nidhi: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A treasure. 2. Nine treasures belonging to he god Kuvera. Each of them is personified or has a guardian spirit, which is an object of worship among the Tantrikas. The nature of these Nidhis is not clearly understood. Their names are Kachchhapa, Mukunda, Nanda (or Kanda), Kharba, Makara, Nila, Shankha, Padma, and Mahapadma. The Nidhis are called also Nidhana, Nikara, and Shevadhi. 3. Shiva's 233 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nidhidhyasan: (sáns. hindú). Meditation (in the Yajurveda). Nidhruvi: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Everfaithful, constant. 2. A name of a Rishi who was a descendant of Rishi Kashyapa and one of the seers of the Rigveda. Nidra: (sáns. hindú). Sleep. Sometimes said to be a female form of Brahma, at others to have been produced at the churning of the ocean. Nighantu: (sáns. hindú). A glossary, especially of synonyms and obsolete and obscure Vedic terms. There was at least one work of this kind before the days of Yaska. See Nirukta. Nighantuka: (sáns. hindú). See Nighantu. Nigrhasthan: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A weak point in an argument. 2. A fault in a syllogism. Nihshreyasalaya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Abode of salvation. 2. Shiva's 716 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nikasha: (sáns. hindú). A female demon, the mother of Ravana. The mother of the carnivorous imps called Pishitashanas, or by their metronymic Naikusheyas and Nikashatmajas. Nikhileshvara: (sáns. hindú). (nikhila "entire, all" + ishvara "lord") The sovereign Lord of all. Nikhileshvari: (sáns. hindú). (nikhila "entire, all" + ishvari "sovereign goddess") The sovereign Goddess of all. Nikumbha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A Rakshasa who fought against Rama. He was son of Kumbhakarna. 2.An Asura who, according to the Harivansha, received the boon from Brahma that he should die only by the hands of Vishnu. He was king of Shatpura and had great magical powers, so that he could multiply himself into many forms, though he commonly assumed only three. He carried off the daughters of Brahmadatta, the friend of Krishna, and that hero attacked him and killed him under diferent forms more than once, but he was eventually slain outright by Krishna, and his city of Shatpura was given to Brahmadatta. Nila: (sáns. hindú). Blue. 1. A mythic range of mountains north of Meru. 2. A mountain range in Orissa. 3. A monkey ally of Rama. 4.A Pandava warrior killed by Ashvatthaman. Nilagala: (sáns. hindú). (nila "blue" + gala "neck, throat") The blue-throated or blue-necked; a name of Shiva whose throat became dark blue when He drank a deadly poison and retained it in His throat. This happened when the gods and demons were churning the milk ocean to gain the nectar of Immortality. In the course of the churning, the serpent Vasuki, who was serving as a rope, emitted a deadly venom threatening to destroy the whole universe. Out of compassion Shiva drank the poison. Churning the milk ocean represents Sadhana (i.e. spiritual practice performed to achieve liberation, and the poison represents the obstacles which one has to face and which can be overcome through the Lord's grace). See the Bhagavad Gita. Nilagriva: (sáns. hindú). (nila "blue" + griva "neck, throat") The blue-throated or blue-necked; Shiva's 755th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. See Nilagala. Nilakantha: (sáns. hindú). (nila "blue" + kantha "throat") 1. The blue-throated; a name of Shiva. See Nilagala. 2. Shiva's 90 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nilalohita: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Blue-blooded. 2. Shiva's 35th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nilni: (sáns. hindú). A medicinal plant mentioned in the Atharvaveda that is supposed to cure leprosy, bronchitis, diabetes, boils and wounds. Nilpunarva: (sáns. hindú). See Nilni. Nimasha: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without + nasha "death") Deathless. Nimbu: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for the lemon tree. Nimi: (sáns. hindú). Son of Ikshvaku, and founder of the dynasty of Mithila. He was cursed by the sage Vasishtha to lose his corporeal form, and he retorted the imprecation upon the sage. Both abandoned the bodily condition. Vasishtha was born again as the issue of Mitra and Varuna, but "the corpse of Nimi was preserved from dying by being embalmed with fragrant oils and resins, and it remained as entire as if it were immortal." The gods were willing to restore him to bodily life, but Nimi declined, declaring that the separation of soul and body was so distressing that he would never resume a corporeal shape and become liable to it again. The Vishnupurana states, "To this desire the gods assented, and Nimi was placed by them in the eyes of all living creatures, in consequence of which their eyelids are ever opening and shutting." A wink of the eye is called nimisha, and the legend was probably built upon the resemblance of the two words. Nipa: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra. See kadamba. Nipatith: (sáns. hindú). A Vedic Rishi. Nirabadha: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + adbadha "trouble, pain, harm") The troubleless, painless or harmless. Niradhara: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + adhara "support") Without support independent. Niraghan: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + agha "sin") Sinless, faultless. Nirahamkara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One devoid of arrogance. 2. Shiva's 958th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirahankara: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + ahankara "ego") Egoless, without the notion of being the doer. Nirajaksha: (sáns. hindú). (niraja "lotus" + aksha "eye") The lotus-eyed. Nirakara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Having no shape. 2. Shiva's 900th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirakula: (sáns. hindú). (nih "not" + akula "confused, perplexed") Unconfused, unaffected. Niralamba: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + alamba "support") Without support, independent. Niramaya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Devoid of ailments. 2. Shiva's 756th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Niranjana: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without + anjana "black substance") 1. Spotless, pure. 2. A name of Shiva, which occurs in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad. 3. A name for a sage that occurs in the Mundaka Upanishad. 4. A name of Durga. 5. A name of the day of the full moon. 5. Unsullied. 6. Shiva's 743rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirantara: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + antara "interval, difference") 1. Undifferentiated, uninterrupted. 2. Without interior. Nirapaya: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without + paya "end, decay") Imperishable. Nirargala: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + argala "obstacle") Unimpeded. Niratanka: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Devoid of agony. 2. Shiva's 1087th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Niravadhi: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + avadhi "limit") Endless, limitless. Niravadyapadopaya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One whose position and means are not censurable. 2. Shiva's 1099th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Niravaranadharmajna: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One conversant with Dharma devoid of Avarana (covering). 2. Shiva's 640th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirbhava: (sáns. hindú). 1 . (nih "without" + bhava "birth") Birthless. 2. (nih "without" + bhaya "fear) Fearless. Nirbheda: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + bheda "difference") Without separation or differentiation. Nirdosha: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + dosha "defect") 1. Without defect, faultless. 2. A name of Shiva. Nirguna: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + guna "attribute, fetter") 1. Having no qualities or beyond all qualities., fetterless. 2. Vishnu's 840 th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Nirlepa: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + lepa "stain") 1. Stainless. 2. Shiva's 1090th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirlobha: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + lobha greed") Without greed. Nirmada: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + mada "passion, pride") 1. Passionless, prideless. 2. Shiva's 957 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirmala: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + mala "stain") 1. Immaculate. 2. One who is free from the thirteen impurities: raga (attraction), dvesha (repulsion), kama (desire), krodha (anger), lobha (greed), moha (delusion), mada (passion), matsarya (envy), irshya (spite), asuya (jealousy), dambha (ostentation), darpa (arrogance), ahankara (I-ness or doer-ness). Nirmama: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + mama "mine") Without mineness. Nirmoha: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + moha "delusion") 1. Free from illusion, undeluded. 2. Shiva's 959 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirmohini: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + mohini "deluded") Free from illusion, undeluded. Nirnaya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A decision. 2. Complete ascertainment. 3. The application of a complete argument. Nirnayasindhu: (sáns. hindú). A work on religious ceremonies and law by Kamalakara. Nirodha: (sáns. hindú). Restraint. Nirriti: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Death, Decay. 2. Death personified as a goddess; sometimes regarded as the wife and sometimes as the daughter of Adharma. 3. One of the Rudras. Nirritis: (sáns. hindú). Destructive powers. Niruddha: (sáns. hindú). Self-restrained. Niruja: (sáns. hindú). Diseaseless, healthy. Nirukta: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Etymology, glossary. 2. One of the Vedangas. The Nirukta is devoted to the explanation of difficult Vedic words. The only work of the kind now known to us is that of Yaska, who was a predecessor of Panini; but such works were no doubt numerous, and the names of seventeen writers of Niruktas are mentioned as having preceded Yaska. The Nirukta consists of three parts: 1) Naighantuka, a collection of synonymous words; 2) Naigama, a collection of words peculiar to the Vedas; 3) Daivata, words relating to deities and sacrifices. These are mere lists of words, and are of themselves of little value. They may have been compiled by Yaska himself, or he may have found them ready to his hand. The real Nirukta, the valuable portion of the work, is Yaska's commentary which follows. In this he explains the meaning of words, enters into etymological investigations, and quotes passages of the Veda in illustration. These are valuable from their acknowledged antiquity, and as being the oldest known examples of a Vedic glossary. They also throw a light upon the scientific and religious condition of their times, but the extreme brevity of their style makes them obscure and difficult to understand. 3. Any etymological interpretation or explanation of a word. Nirupadrava: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Harmless. 2. Shiva's 960th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirupama: (sáns. hindú). 1 . She who has no equal. 2. An epithet of Devi. 2. The 389th name in the Lalita Sahasranama. Nirutpatti: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Having no birth. 2. Shiva's 579th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirvana: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Bliss, liberation. 2. Vushnu's 577 th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Nirvikalpa: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + vikalpa "doubt") Without thought. Nirvikara: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + vikara "change, variation") Unchanging. Nirvyagra: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Unexcited. 2. Shiva's 1092nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nirvyaja: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who has no false pretext. 2. Shiva's 977th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishacara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Walking about at night. 2. Shiva's 359th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishada: (sáns. hindú). A mountain tribe dwelling in the Vindhya mountains, said to have been produced from the thigh of Vena; the Bhils or foresters, and barbarians in general. (See Vena) Any outcast, especially the offpring of a Brahman father and Shudra mother. Nishadas: (sáns. hindú). A boriginal tribes of India. Nishakara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Moon. 2. Shiva's 420 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishcala: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + cala "moving") The unwavering, unshaking. Nishkala: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Without attributes. 2. Shiva's 843rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishkalanka: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + kalanka "stain") 1. Without stain, faultless. 2. A name of Shiva. Nishkalanka: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Devoid of stigma. 2. Shiva's 1074th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishkama: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + kama "desire") The desireless. Nishkamuka: (sáns. hindú). (nih "not" + kamuka "desirous") The desireless. Nishkantaka: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One free from thorns. 2. Shiva's 975th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishkarana: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + karana "cause") The causeless. Nishpara: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + para "limit") The boundless. Nishprapancatman: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Atman without extension. 2. Shiva's 1091st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishtha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The highest abode. 2. Vishnu's 583rd name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. 3. Firm devotion. 4. Culmination. 5. She who is death. An epithet of Devi found in the Aryastava, a hymn to Devi in the Harivamsha. 6. Stability. 7. Shiva's 1022nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nishti: (sáns. hindú). In the Rigveda, a word that is said to be Diti. See Nishtigri. Nishtigri: (sáns. hindú). A ccording to Sayana, "she who swallows up her rival wife Nishti, i.e. Diti." The name is in reference to Indra's mother, Aditi. Nishtusha: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for sesame. Nishumbha: (sáns. hindú). A n Asura killed by Durga. See Shumbha and Nishumbha for a more complete account. Nistula: (sáns. hindú). (nih "without" + tula "equality") Without equal, incomparable. Nitai: (sáns. hindú). A Bengali name of Gauranga's disciple. Nitalaksha: (sáns. hindú). (nitala "forehead" + aksha "eye") One who has an eye on the forehead; a name of Shiva, referring to His having an eye on His forehead. This third eye of Shiva represents the fire of knowledge, with which He reduced Kamadeva, or Cupid, to ashes. Nitalekshana: (sáns. hindú). (nitala "forehead" + ikshana "eye") 1. One who has an eye on the forehead. A name of Shiva, referring to His having an eye on His forehead. This third eye of Shiva represents the fire of knowledge, with which He reduced Kamadeva, or Cupid, to ashes. Nitatni: (sáns. hindú). A species of an Atharvavedic plant. Niti: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Wisdom personified 2. Discretion. 3. Practical morality. 4. Justice. 5. Shiva's 123 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nitiman: (sáns. hindú). (niti "wisdom personified" + man "having") 1. One whose conduct is based on wisdom. 2. Endowed with justice. 3. Shiva's 517th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nitimanjari: (sáns. hindú). A work on ethics by Dya Dviveda, exemplified by stories and legends with special reference to the Vedas. Nitishastras: (sáns. hindú). Works on morals and polity, consisting either of proverbs and wise maxims in verse, or of stories and fables inculcating some moral precept and illustrating its effects. These fables are generally in prose interspersed with pithy maxims in verse. Nitosha: (sáns. hindú). A Vedic man's name. Nitya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The eternal. 2. A name of Durga. 3. Permanent. 4. Shiva's 492nd and 864 th names as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nityan: (sáns. hindú). The eternal. Nityasundara: (sáns. hindú). 1 One who is perpetually handsome. 2. Shiva's 1105th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nivatakavachas: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Clothed in impenetrable armor. 2. A class of Daityas descended from Prahlada, "whose spirits were purified by rigid austerity." According to the Mahabharata they were 30,000,000 in number, and dwelt in the depths of the sea. They were destroyed by Arjuna. Nivi: (sáns. hindú). A term used in the Kama Sutra for a fold of clothing between the legs. Nivid: (sáns. hindú). Lithurgical invocations. Nivritta: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who has turned back. 2. Shiva's 1081 st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nivrittatma: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One whose Atman has receded from the world. 2. Shiva's 189th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nivritti: (sáns. hindú). (ni "non" + vritti "activity") Non-activity, renunciation. The Acarya further describes the path of renunciation or Nivritti-Marga as being characterized by knowledge (Jnana) and dispassion (Vairagya). Thus by action or Karma Yoga one's mind is purified and by renunciation or Jnana Yoga one is enlightened and liberated. Niyama: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Regulation. 2. Shiva's 281 st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 3. The second of eight steps of meditation in Yoga; restraing of mind. Niyamabhyaksha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Presiding deity of observances. 2. Shiva's 624th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Niyamashraya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Basis of regulations. 2. Shiva's 282nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Niyatakalyana: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who is invariably auspicious. 2. Shiva's 493rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Niyatatman: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Of controlled Atman. 2. Shiva's 370th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nodhas: (sáns. hindú). A Vedic Rishi. Nrisinha: (sáns. hindú). The Narasinha or man-lion incarnation. See Avatar. Nrimedha: (sáns. hindú). A protege of Agni. Nrishad: (sáns. hindú). The father of Kanva. Nrisinhapurana: (sáns. hindú). See Purana. Nrisinha Tapani: (sáns. hindú). A Upanishad in which Vishnu is worshipped under his form Nrisinha. Nrityanritya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Dance of dances 2. Shiva's 378th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nrityapriya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who is fond of dancing. 2. Shiva's 377th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nriyajna: (sáns. hindú). Service of man. Nyagrodha: (sáns. hindú). A word used in the Atharvaveda that means the Ficus incica which is commonly known as a Banyan or Indian fig tree. Nyaya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Justice. 2. Shiva's 741st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98.3. The logical school of philosophy. See Darshana. Nyayadarshana: (sáns. hindú). Works of Gotama on the Nyaya philosophy. Nyayagamya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Comprehensible through logic. 2. Shiva's 742nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nyayanirvahaka: (sáns. hindú). 1 . One who fulfils justice. 2. Shiva's 740th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Nyayasutravritti: (sáns. hindú). See Nyayadarshana. OOdra: (sáns. hindú). The country of Orissa. A man of that country. Oganas: (sáns. hindú). Men of some hostile tribe. Ojas: (sáns. hindú). One who has ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. Ojasina: (sáns. hindú). Having ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. Ojaskara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Cause of prowess. 2. Shiva's 372nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Ojasvan: (sáns. hindú). (ojah "vital energy, mental strength" + van "having") Having ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. Ojasvin: (sáns. hindú). (ojah "vital energy, mental strength" + vin "having") 1. Having ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. 2. Shiva's 209th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Ojasvini: (sáns. hindú). (ojah "vital energy, mental strength" + vin "having") Having ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength. Ojasya: (sáns. hindú). Having ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. Ojman: (sáns. hindú). Having ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. Ojobala: (sáns. hindú). (ojah "vital energy, mental strength" + bala "powerful") 1. She who is powerful from ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength. 2. The name of a goddess associated with the Bodhi Tree in Buddhism. Ojopati: (sáns. hindú). (ojah "vital energy, mental strength" + pati "lord") 1. The lord of ojas, a type of vital energy (prana-balam) and mental strength which is produced when the retas (semen) flows upwards instead of downwards. 2. The name of a god associated with the Bodhi Tree in Buddhism. Ojovati: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Vitality. 2. An epithet of Devi. 3. The 767th name in the Lalita Sahasranama. OM: (sáns. hindú). A word of solemn invocation, affirmation, benediction, and consent, so sacred that when it is uttered no one must hear it. The word is used at the commencement of prayers and religious ceremonies, and is generally placed at the beginning of books. It is a compound of the three letters a, u, m, which are typical of the three Vedas; and it is declared in the Upanishads, where it first appears, to have a mystic power and to be worthy of the deepest meditation. In later times the monosyllable represents the Hindu triad or union of the three grods, being: a Vishnu, u Shiva, and m Brahma. This monosyllable is called Udgitha. See also Omkara. Oman: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Friend. 2. Protector. Omatra: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Friend. 2. Protector. Omkara: (sáns. hindú). (OM "name and symbol of the Absolute" + kara "word") 1. The word, syllable or sound OM, which names and represents Brahman or the Absolute.
Oni: (sáns. hindú). Implement for pressing Soma. Onyoh: (sáns. hindú). A blative dual of "oni." According to Wilson, the word is used metaphorically in the Rigveda to denote heaven and earth. Oshadhipati: (sáns. hindú). (oshadhi "herb" + pati "lord") 1. The lord of herbs. 2. A name of the Moon-God. Oshadhiprastha: (sáns. hindú). The place of medicinal herbs. A City in the Himalayas mentioned in the Kumarasambhava. Oshthakarnakas: (sáns. hindú). A people whose lips extended to their ears, mentioned in the Mahabharata. PPada: (sáns. hindú). The Pada text of the Vedas, or of any other work, is one in which each word (pada) stands separate and distinct, not joined with the next according to the rules of sandhi (coalition). See Patha. Padma: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The lotus. 2. A name of Lakshmi. Having arisen from the milk ocean seated on a lotus and holding lotuses, Lakshmi is associated and identified with the lotus flower, the symbol for the cause of the universe as well as the lotus-heart which is the seat of meditation. Padmadharini: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + dharini "holder") 1. The lotus-holder. 2. A name of Lakshmi. Padmagarbha: (sáns. hindú). Lotus-wombed. Shiva's 764 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Padmaja: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + ja "born") 1. The lotus-born. 2. A name of Brahma as born from and seated on the lotus-navel of Vishnu. Padmakalpa: (sáns. hindú). The last expired kalpa or year of Brahma. Padmakshi: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + akshi "eye") The lotus-eyed. A name of Lakshmi. Padmalaya: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + alaya "dweller") 1. The lotus-dweller. 2. A name of Brahma. 3. In the feminine gender, a name of Lakshmi. Padmalocana: (sáns. hindú). Lotus-eyed. Shiva's 6 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Padmamukhi: (sáns. hindú). (padma lotus" + mukhi "face") 1. The lotus-faced. A name of Lakshmi. Padmanabha: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + nabha "navel") 1. The lotus-naveled. 2. Vishnu's 49 th, 196th and 346th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Padmapada: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + pada "foot") 1. The lotus-footed. 2. The name of Shankara's first disciple who was also known as Sanandana and considered as a partial incarnation of Narayana. Padmapurana: (sáns. hindú). This Purana is generally described as: "That which contains an account of the period when the world was a golden lotus (padma), and of all the occurrences of that time, is, therefore called Padma by the wise. It contains 55,000 stanzas." The work is divided into five books or Khandas: 1) Shrishti Khanda, or section on creation; 2) Bhumi Khanda, on the earth; 3) Svarga Khanda, on heaven; 4) Patala Khanda, on the regions below the earth; 5) Uttara Khanda, last or supplementary chapter. There is also a sixth division, the Kriya-yoga-sara, a treatise on the practice of devotion. These denominations of the various divisions convey but an imperfect and partial notion of their heterogeneous contents, and it seems probable that the different sections are distinct works associated together under one title. There is no reason to consider any of them as older than the twelfth century. The tone of the whole Purana is strongly Vaishnava; that of the last section especially so. In it Shiva is represented as explaining to Parvati the nature and attributes of Vishnu, and in the end the two join in adoration of that deity. Padmasana: (sáns. hindú). Lotus-seated. Shiva's 761 st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Padmashri: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + sri "beauty") 1. Having the beauty of a lotus. 2. The goddess Sri (i.e. Lakshmi, seated on a lotus). 3. The goddess Sri (i.e. Lakshmi, holding lotuses). Padmavati: (sáns. hindú). (padma "lotus" + vati "having") 1. Having or holding lotuses; a name of Lakshmi. 2. Name of a city. It would seem, from the mention made of it in the drama Malati Madhava, to lie in the Vindhya mountains. Padmini: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Lotus-like. 2. Having lotuses. 3. A name of Lakshmi. Pahlava: (sáns. hindú). Name of a people. Manu paces the Pahlavas among, the northern nations, and perhaps the name is connected with the word Pahlavi, i.e., Persian. They let their beards grow by command of King Sagara. According to Manu, they were Kshatriyas who had become outcasts, but the Mahabharata says they were created from the tail of Vasishtha's cow of fortune; and the Ramayana states that they sprang, from her breath. They are also called Pahnavas. Paijavana: (sáns. hindú). A name of the King Sudas, his patronymic as son of Pijavana. Paila: (sáns. hindú). A learned man who was appointed in ancient days to collect the hymns of the Rigveda. He arranged it in two parts, and must have been a coadjutor of Veda Vyasa. Pajika: (sáns. hindú). The worshipper. Pakashasana: (sáns. hindú). A name of Indra, and of Arjuna as descended from Indra. Paksha: (sáns. hindú). A fortnight. Shiva's 683rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pakshin: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Winged. 2. A name of the mythical bird Garuda, the vehicle of Vishnu. 3. A name of Shiva referring to His having the two wings of the Rigveda and the Samaveda, the Yajurveda being the Lord's head. 4. A name of the Self or Purusha. Pala: (sáns. hindú). Guardian, protector. Palaka: (sáns. hindú). Guardian, protector. Palakapya: (sáns. hindú). A n ancient sage who wrote about medicine, and is supposed to have been an incarnation of Dhanvantari Palita: (sáns. hindú). The guarded or protected. Pampa: (sáns. hindú). A river which rises in the Rishyamuka mountain an falls into the Tungabhadra below Anagundi. Also a lake in the same locality. Pamsula: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A name of Shiva. 2. The staff and symbol of Shiva, which is crossed at the upper end with transverse pieces representing the breast-bone and adjoining ribs and surmounted by a skull. Pancabrahmasamutpatti: (sáns. hindú). The source of origin of the five brahmans. Shiva's 548th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pancanana: (sáns. hindú). Five-faced An epithet applied to Shiva. Pancapretasanasina: (sáns. hindú). She who is seated on a throne of five corpses. An epithet of Devi. The 249 th name in the Lalita Sahasranama. Pancapsaras: (sáns. hindú). Name of a lake. See Mandakarni. Pancatantra: (sáns. hindú). A famous collection of tales and fables in five (pancha) books (tantra). It was compiled by a Brahman named Vishnusharman, about the end of the fifth century CE, for the edification of the sons of a king, and was the original of the better-known Hitopadesha, This work has reappeared in very many languages both of the East and West, and has been the source of many familiar and widely known stories. It was translated into Pahlavi or old Persian by order of Naushirvan in the sixth century CE. In the ninth century it appeared in Arabic as Kalila o Damna, then, or before, it was translated into Hebrew, Syriac, Turkish, and Greek; and from these, versions were made into all the languages of Europe, and it became familiar in England as Pilpay's Fables (Fables of Bidpai). In modern Persia it is the basis of the Anwar-i Suhaili and Iyar-i Danish. The latter has reappeared in Hindustani as the Khirad-afroz. The stories are popular throughout Hindustan and have found their way into most of the languages and dialects. There are various editions of the text and several translations. Pancatattva: (sáns. hindú). A Vamacara Tantric ritual that involves the partaking of five forbidden things: 1) wine; 2) meat; 3) fish; 4) parched grain (this may be a hallucinogenic drug); 5) coitus of an illicit nature. This ritual is highly structured and is undertaken under the guidance of the sadhaka's guru. Pancavati: (sáns. hindú). A place in the great southern forest near the Sources of the Godavari, where Rama passed a long period of his banishment. It has been proposed to identify it with the modern Nasik, because Lakshmana cut off Surpanakha's nose (nasika) at Panchavati. Pancavimshatitattvajna: (sáns. hindú). One conversant with the twenty-five principles. Shiva's 226th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pancavinsha: (sáns. hindú). See Praudha Brahmana. Pancayajna: (sáns. hindú). One of five yajnas. Shiva's 224th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Panchachuda: (sáns. hindú). A name of Rambha. Panchajana: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Name of a demon who lived in the sea in the form of a conch-shell. He seized the son of Sandipani, under whom Krishna learned the use of arms. Krishna rescued the boy, killed the demon, and afterwards used the conch-shell for a horn. 2. A name of Asamanjas. Panchala: (sáns. hindú). Name of a country. From the Mahabharata it would seem to have occupied the Lower Doab; Manu places it near Kanauj. It has sometimes been identified with the Panjab, and with "a little territory in the more immediate neighborhood of Hastinapur." Wilson stated, "A country extending north and west from Delhi, from the foot of the Himalayas to the Cambal." Panchalakshana: (sáns. hindú). The five distinguishing characteristics of a Purana. See Purana. Panchashikha: (sáns. hindú). One of the earliest professors of the Sankhya philosophy. Panchavriksha: (sáns. hindú). Five trees. The five trees of Svarga, named Mandara, Parijataka, Santana, Kalpavriksha, and Haricandana. Pancopakhyana: (sáns. hindú). The Panchatantra. Pandavas: (sáns. hindú). The descendants of Pandu. Pandita: (sáns. hindú). The learned or wise, the scholar, one who has acquired knowledge (Panda) from the Guru and the Scriptures. The need of true scholarship is declared in the Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad. Pandu: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Greyish in color. Shiva's 50th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 2. The pale. Brother of Dhritarashtra, king of Hastinapura and father of the Pandavas or Pandu princes. See Mahabharata. Pandurabha: (sáns. hindú). Having greyish luster. Shiva's 847th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Panduranga: (sáns. hindú). (pandu "whitish" + ranga "color") l. Having a whitish hue. 2. The name of an incarnation of Vishnu or of Krishna who visited the city of Pandharpur in Deccan and blessed the Brahmana Pundarika for his great filial piety. He is also known as Vitthala and is represented as standing on a brick with His arms akimbo. Pandya: (sáns. hindú). Pandya, Cola, and Cera were three kingdoms in the south of the Peninsula for some centuries before and after the Christian era. Pandya was well known to the Romans as the kingdom of King Pandion, who is said to have sent ambassadors on two different occasions to Augustus Caesar. Its capital was Madura, the Southern Mathura. Pandya seems to have fallen under Panini: (sáns. hindú). A celebrated grammarian, author of the work called Paniniyam. This is the standard authority on Sanskrit grammar, and it is held in such respect and reverence that it is considered to have been written by inspiration. So in old times Panini was placed among the Rishis, and in more modern days he is represented to have received a large portion of his work by direct inspiration from the god Shiva. It is also said that he was so dull a child that he was expelled from school, but the favor of Shiva placed him foremost in knowledge. He was not the first grammarian, for he refers to the works of several who preceded him. The grammars which have been written since his time are numberless, but although some of them are of great excellence and much in use, Panini still reigns supreme, and his rules are incontestable. "His work," Williams wrote, "is perhaps the most original of all productions of the Hindu mind." The work is written in the form of Sutras or aphorisms, of which it contains 3996, arranged in eight (ashta) chapters (adhyaya) from which the work is sometimes called Ashtadhyayi. Panis: (sáns. hindú). Niggards. In the Rigveda, "the senseless, false, evil-speaking, unbelieving, unpraising, unworshipping Panis were Dasyus or envious demons who used to steal cows and hide them in caverns." They are said to have stolen the cows recovered by Sharama. Pankaja: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Mud-born. 2. Lotus. Pankajaja: (sáns. hindú). (pankaja "lotus" + ja born") 1. Lotus-born. 2. Name of Brahma. Pankajaksha: (sáns. hindú). (pahkaja "mud-born, lotus" + aksha "eye") 1. The lotus-eyed. 2. A name of Vishnu. Pankajakshi: (sáns. hindú). (pankaja "mud-born, lotus" + akshi "eye") The lotus-eyed. Pannaga: (sáns. hindú). A serpent, snake. See Naga. Papahara: (sáns. hindú). (papa "sin" + hara "remover") l. The remover or destroyer of sins. 2. A name of Shiva. 3. A name of Vishnu. Papanashana: (sáns. hindú). Destroyer of sins. Shiva's 667 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Papapurusha: (sáns. hindú). Man of sin. A personification of all wickedness in a human form, of which all the members are great sins. The head is brahmanicide; the arm, cow-killing; the nose, woman-murder, etc. Papari: (sáns. hindú). Enemy of sins. Shiva's 595 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Para: (sáns. hindú). The supreme. Paradas: (sáns. hindú). A barbarous people dwelling in the northwest. Manu said they were Kshatriyas degraded to be Shudras. Paradhaman: (sáns. hindú). (para "supreme" + dhaman "abode) The supreme abode of Vishnu, which is not different from the All-prevading Lord Himself. Parajaya: (sáns. hindú). Defeat (?). Shiva's 483rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parakaryaikapandita: (sáns. hindú). One who is the sole clever scholar in others tales. Shiva's 974th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parakiya: (sáns. hindú). Belonging to another. Parama: (sáns. hindú). The supreme, the highest. Paramabrahman: (sáns. hindú). The greatest Brahman. Shiva's 290th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramajyoti: (sáns. hindú). Great light. Shiva's 762nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramamtapah: (sáns. hindú). Greatest penance. Shiva's 311 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramarshis: (sáns. hindú). The great Rishis. See Rishi. Paramartha: (sáns. hindú). The greatest object. Shiva's 464th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramarthaguru: (sáns. hindú). A real preceptor. Shiva's 1110th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramatman: (sáns. hindú). (parama "supreme" + atman "self, Soul") 1. The supreme Self. 2. Vishnu's 11th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Paramatman: (sáns. hindú). The great soul. Shiva's 295 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramatman: (sáns. hindú). The supreme soul of the universe. Paramatmika: (sáns. hindú). (parama "supreme" + atmika "nature") She whose nature is the Supreme 1. A name of Lakshmi, who is the embodiment of Brahman's supreme Light. Paramaya: (sáns. hindú). Identical with the greatest. Shiva's 465th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paramesha: (sáns. hindú). (parama "supreme" + isha "lord") 1. The supreme Lord. 2. A name of Vishnu. Parameshthin: (sáns. hindú). (parame "in the Supreme" + sthin "established") 1. Established in the Highest or Supreme. 2. A name of Brahma which indicates that He is the first-born of the Supreme and He dwells in the highest plane known as Brahmaloka or Satyaloka. 3. Vishnu's 419th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. 4. Shiva's 80th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 5. "Who stands in the highest place." A title applied to any superior god and to some distinguished mortals. A name used in the Vedas for a son or a creation of Prajapati. Parameshvara: (sáns. hindú). (parama "supreme" + ishvara "lord") 1. The supreme Lord. 2. Vishnu's 377th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. 3. A name of Shiva. Parameshvara: (sáns. hindú). Shiva's 20th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parameshvari: (sáns. hindú). (parama "supreme" + ishvari "sovereign goddess") 1. The supreme sovereign Goddess. 2. A name of Durga or Parvati. Parameshvari: (sáns. hindú). Supreme ruler. An epithet of Devi. The 396 th name in the Lalita Sahasranama. Paramika: (sáns. hindú). The supreme, the highest. Paramodara: (sáns. hindú). (parama "supreme" + udara "great") The supremely great or generous. Parapuranjaya: (sáns. hindú). Conqueror of other people's city. Shiva's 684 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pararthavritti: (sáns. hindú). One whose activities are for the sake of others. Shiva's 1024th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pararthikaprayojana: (sáns. hindú). One whose sole purpose is to work for other's benefit. Shiva's 23 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parashakti: (sáns. hindú). (para "supreme" + shakti "power, energy") 1. The supreme power. In the Shvetashvatara Upanishad it is written, "Parasya Shaktir-vividhai'va shruyate," "God's supreme power alone is heard (in the Vedas) to be various." 2. God's power personified as a Goddess. Parashara: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A Vedic Rishi to whom some hymns of the Rigveda are attributed. He was a disciple of Kapila, and he received the Vishnupurana from Pulastya and taught it to Maitreya. He was also a writer on Dharmashastra, and texts of his are often cited in books on law.
Parasharapurana: (sáns. hindú). See Purana. Parashikas: (sáns. hindú). P arsikas or Farsikas, i.e., Persians. Parashurama: (sáns. hindú). (parashu "ax" + rama "delight) Rama with the axe. The first Rama and the sixth Avatara of Vishnu. He was a Brahman, the fifth son of Jamadagni and Renuka. By his father's side he descended from Bhrigu, and was, par excellence, the Bhargava; by his mother's side he belonged to the royal race of the Kushikas. He became manifest in the world at the beginning of the Tretayuga for the purpose of repressing the tyranny of the Kshatriya or regal caste. His story is told in the Mahabharata and in the Puranas. He also appears in the Ramayana, but chiefly as an opponent of Ramacandra. According to the Mahabharata, he instructed Arjuna in the use of arms, and had a combat with Bhishma, in which both suffered equally. He is also represented as being present at the great war council of the Kaurava princes. This Parashurama, the sixth Avatara of Vishnu, appeared in the world before Rama or Ramacandra, the seventh Avatara, but they were both living at the same time, and the elder incarnation showed some jealousy of the younger.
Parashvadhi: (sáns. hindú). One having the axe. Shiva's 91st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paratpara: (sáns. hindú). (parat "than the highest" + para "higher") Higher than the highest (i.e. than Prakriti). Paravara: (sáns. hindú). The great one second to none. Shiva's 228th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paravarajna: (sáns. hindú). One conversant with Para and Avara. Shiva's 768th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paravaraparam phalam: (sáns. hindú). One yielding the great fruit of Para and Avara (great and small benefits of life). Shiva's 763 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Paravasu: (sáns. hindú). See Raibhya and Yavakrita. Parayana: (sáns. hindú). The greatest goal. Shiva's 81 st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parendi: (sáns. hindú). A Vedic goddess that appears to be synonymous with abundance. Paresha: (sáns. hindú). (para "supreme" + isha "lord") The supreme Lord. See Parameshvara. Pareshti: (sáns. hindú). (para "supreme" + ishti "sacrifice") Having the highest sacrifice or worship; a name of the Absolute. Parijata: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The tree produced at the churning of the ocean, "and the delight of the nymphs of heaven, perfuming, the world with its blossoms" It was kept in Indra's heaven, and was the pride of his wife Shachi, but when Krishna visited Indra in Svara, his wife Satyabhama induced him to carry the tree away, which led to a great fight between the two gods and their adherents, in which Indra was defeated. The tree was taken to Dvaraka and planted there, but after Krishna's death it returned to Indra's heaven. 2. Shiva's 227th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parikshit: (sáns. hindú). Son of Abhimanyu by his wife Uttara, grandson of Arjuna, and father of Janamejaya. He was killed by Ashvatthaman in the womb of his mother and was born dead, but he was brought to life by Krishna, who blessed him and cursed Ashvatthaman. When Yudhishthira retired from the world, Parikshit succeeded him on the throne of Hastinapura. He died from the bite of a serpent, and the Bhagavatapurana is represented as having been rehearsed to him in the interval between the bite and his death. Paripatra: (sáns. hindú). The northern part of the Vindhya range of mountains. According to the Harivansha, it was the scene of the combat between Krishna and Indra, and its heights sank down under the pressure of Krishna's feet. Also called Pariyatra. Parishad: (sáns. hindú). A college or community of Brahmans associated for the study of the Vedas. Parishishta: (sáns. hindú). A supplement or appendix. A series of works called Parishishtas belong to the Vedic period, but they are the last of the series, and indicate a transition state. According to Max Müller they "supply information on theological or ceremonial points which had been passed over in the Sutras, and they treat everything in a popular and superficial manner, as if the time was gone when students would spend ten or twenty years of their lives in fathoming tho mysteries and mastering the intricacies of the Brahmana literature." Parivrajaka: (sáns. hindú). (pari "about" + vrajaka "wandering") 1. The wanderer, itinerant. A name for the Paramahamsa Sannyasins who wander from place to place for eight months of the year. In the Narada-Parivrajaka Upanishad it is said, "Svasvarupajnah Parivrat," "The knower of one's own true Self is the wandering monk." 2. A Brahman in the fourth stage of his religious life. See Brahman. Parivridha: (sáns. hindú). Master, chief. Shiva's 51st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Parjanya: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A Vedic deity, the rain-god or rain personified. Three hymns in the Rigveda are addressed to this deity, and one of them is very poetical and picturesque in describing rain and its effects. The name is sometimes combined with the word vata (wind), Parjanyavata, referring probably to the combined powers and effects of rain and wind. In later times he is regarded as the guardian deity of clouds and rain, and the name is applied to Indra. Sita is the wife of Parjanya in the Kaushikasutra. 2. One of the Adityas. 3. Vishnu's 810 th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Parshada: (sáns. hindú). A ny treatise on the Vedas produced in a Parishad or Vedic college. Partha: (sáns. hindú). A son of Pritna or Kunti. A title applicable to the three elder Pandavas, but especially used for Arjuna. Parvati: (sáns. hindú). The mountaineer, a name of Shiva's consort who was reborn to Parvata or Himavan and Mena after she burned herself to death when Shiva was not invited to her former father Daksha's sacrifice. See Deva. Pashahanta: (sáns. hindú). (pasha "bond" + hanta "destroyer") The bond-destroyer. Pashupashavimocini: (sáns. hindú). She who releases creatures from bondage. An epithet of Devi. The 354th name in the Lalita Sahasranama. Pashupati: (sáns. hindú). (pashu "cattle" + pati "lord") The Lord of creatures; a name of Rudra (Shiva) or of one of his manifestations. It is Shiva's 101st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. See Rudra. Patala: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Red, pink. 2. A name of Durga who is described as being lustrous like the red flowers of the pomegranate. 3. The infernal regions, inhabited by Nagas (serpents), Daityas, Danavas, Yakshas, and others. They are seven in number, and their names, according to the Vishnupurana, are Atala, Vitala, Nitala, Gabhastimat, Mahatala, Sutala, and Patala, but these names vary in different authorities. The Padmapurana gives the names of the seven regions and their respective rulers as follows: 1) Atala, subject to Mahamaya; 2) Vitala, ruled by a form of Shiva called Hatakeshvara; 3) Sutala, ruled by Bali; 4) Talatala, ruled by Maya; 5) Mahatala, where the great serpents reside; 6) Rasatala, where the Daityas and Danavas dwell; 7) Patala, the lowermost, in which Vasuki reigns over the chief Naga or snake-gods. In the Shivapurana there are eight: Patala, Tala, Atala, Vitala, Tala (with a long initial a), Vidhipatala, Sharkarabhumi, and Vijaya. The sage Narada paid a visit to these regions, and on his return to the skies gave a glowing account of them, declaring them to be far more delightful than Indra's heaven, and abounding with every kind of luxury and sensual gratification. Pataliputra: (sáns. hindú). P alibothra of the Greek writers, and described by them as being situated at the confluence of the Erranaboas (the Sone river) with the Ganges. It was the capital of the Nandas, and of the Maurya dynasty, founded by Candragupta, which succeeded them as rulers of Magadha. The city has been identified with the modern Patna; for although the Sone does not now fall into the Ganges there, the modern town is smaller in extent than the ancient one, and there is good reason for believing that the rivers have changed their courses. Patanjali: (sáns. hindú). The founder of the Yoga philosophy. (See Darshana) The author of the Mahabhashya, a celebrated commentary on the Grammar of Panini, and a defence of that work against the criticisms of Katyayana. He is supposed to have written about 200 BCE. Ram Krishna Gopal Bhandarkar, a late inquirer, says, "He probably wrote the third chapter of his Bhashya between 144 and 142 B.C." Weber, however, makes his date to be 25 CE. He is also called Gonardiya and Gonikaputra. A legend accounting for his name represents that he fell as a small snake from heaven into the palm of Panini (pata=fallen; anjali=palm). Patha: (sáns. hindú). Reading. There are three forms, called Pathas, in which the Vedic text is read and written: 1) Sanhitapatha, the ordinary form, in which the words coalesce according to the rules of Sandhi; 2) Padapatha, in which each word stands separate and independent; 3) Kramapatha, in which each word is given twice, first joined with the word preceding and then with the word following. Pati: (sáns. hindú). Lord, master or ruler. Patitapavana: (sáns. hindú). (patita "fallen" + pavana "purifier") 1. The purifier of the fallen. 2. A name of Rama. Pativrata: (sáns. hindú). A wife devoted entirely to her husband. Pativrata fuels the inner heat which both purifies the wife and serves as a weapon when she is confronted by some being who would threaten her chastity. Sita's pativrata is exhibited on several occasions in the Ramayana. At one time, when she was being held captive by the demon Ravana, Sita told him that she wished that she could burn him to ashes with the fire that she has accumulated through her devotion to Rama. Patkajanetra: (sáns. hindú). (pankaja lotus + netra "eye") 1. The lotus-eyed. 2. A name of Vishnu. Patni: (sáns. hindú). Sovereign ruler, wife. Pattana: (sáns. hindú). City. Several great places have been known as Pattan or "the city." Somanatha was Pattan; Anhalvara is still known as Pattan, and there is also Patna. Paulomas: (sáns. hindú). Kashyapa by his wife Puloma had man thousand "distinguished Danavas called Paulomas, who were powerful, ferocious, and cruel." They were killed by Arjuna. Paundra: (sáns. hindú). Belonging to the country of Pundra. The conch-shell of Bhishma. Paundraka: (sáns. hindú). A pretender who, on the strength of being a Vasudeva, or descendant of one named Vasudeva, set himself up in opposition to Krishna, who was son of Vasudeva and assumed his style and insignia. He was supported by the king of Kashi (Benares), but he was defeated and killed by Krishna, and Benares was burned. See also Paundra. Pauravas: (sáns. hindú). Descendants of Puru of the Lunar race. See Puru. Pavaka: (sáns. hindú). l. Bright, pure, shining. 2. Purifying. 3. A name of the Fire-God, Agni. See Agni. Pavana: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The purifying; a name of the Wind-God, Vayu. 2. Vishnu's 291st and 811 th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. 3. Shiva's 698th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 4. The Cause of blowing. Vishnu's 292nd name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Pavitra: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The pure. 2. The purifier. 3. Vishnu's 63 rd name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Pavitrapani: (sáns. hindú). Having the Pavitra in the hand. Shiva's 594th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Payaspati: (sáns. hindú). (payah "milk, vital fluid" + pati "lord") The Lord of milk, a name of Vishnu referring to His resting on the milk ocean while reclining on the divine serpent Shesha or Ananta. Perumpattapuliyur: (sáns. hindú). A word used in Tamil (Nayanar) literature for Shiva's paradise. Phalguna: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A name of Arjuna. 2. Name of a month. Pinakapani: (sáns. hindú). One having the Pinaka in his hand. Shiva's 146th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pinaki: (sáns. hindú). The wielder of the bow (i.e., Shiva). Shiva's bow is also called Pinaka. In the Ramayana this bow is said to consist of the Vedas, and since the essence of the Vedas is the sacred syllable "OM," this bow may also represent the syllable "OM." Pinakin: (sáns. hindú). Shiva's 61 st name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pinchali: (sáns. hindú). Draupadi as princess of Panchala. Pindara: (sáns. hindú). Religious mendicant. Pindaraka: (sáns. hindú). A watering-place on the coast of Gujarat, near Dvaraka, resorted to occasionally by Krishna. It still survives as a village, and is held in veneration. It is about twenty miles from the northwest extremity of the Peninsula. Pingala: (sáns. hindú). 1 . Tawny-colored. Shiva's 572 nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 2. The great authority on the Chandas or Prosody of the Vedas. He is supposed to have written about two centuries BCE. 3. Name of one of the serpent kings sometimes identified with the foregoing. Pingalaksha: (sáns. hindú). Tawny-eyed. Shiva's 753 rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pippalada: (sáns. hindú). A school of the Atharvaveda, founded by sage of that name. Pishacaloka: (sáns. hindú). See Loka. Pishacas: (sáns. hindú). Flesh-eating spirits, fiends, evil spirits, placed by the Vedas as lower than Rakshasas, the vilest and most malignant order of malevolent beings. Accounts differ as to their origin. The Brahmana and the Mahabharata say that they were created by Brahma, together with the Asuras and Rakshasas, from the stray drops of water which fell apart from the drops out of which gods, men, gandharvas, etc., had been produced.
Pishitashanas: (sáns. hindú). Carnivorous and cannibal imps descended from Nikasha. Pishitashins: (sáns. hindú). See Pishitashanas. Pitamaha: (sáns. hindú). A paternal grandfather. A name of Brahma as the great father of all. Pitambara: (sáns. hindú). (pita yellow" + ambara "garment") 1. Clothed in yellow garments. 2. A name of Vishnu. 3. A name of Krishna. It is said that "the dark body of the Lord shines through the thin golden cloth just as the divine Truth shines through the sacred words of the Vedas." Pitavasas: (sáns. hindú). (pita "yellow" + vasas "garment, dress") 1. The yellow-dressed or golden-dressed. 2. A name of Vishnu. 3. A name of Krishna. It is said that "the dark body of the Lord shines through the thin golden cloth just as the divine Truth shines through the sacred words of the Vedas." Pithasthana: (sáns. hindú). Seat, or literally, "place of a seat." Wilson stated, "Fifty-one places where, according to the Tantras, the limbs of Sati fell when scattered by her husband Shiva, as he bore her dead body about and tore it to pieces after she had put an end to her existence at Daksha's sacrifice. This part of the legend seems to be an addition to the original fable, made by the Tantras, as it is not in the Puranas. (See Daksha) It bears some analogy to the Egyptian fable of Isis and Osiris. At the Pithasthanas, however, of Jvalamukhi, Vindhyavasini, Kalighat, and others, temples are erected to the different forms of Devi or Sati, not to the phallic emblem of Mahadeva, which, if present, is there as an accessory, not as a principal; and the chief object of worship is a figure of the goddess-A circumstance in which there is an essential difference between the temple of Durga and the Shrines of Osiris." Pitriloka: (sáns. hindú). See Loka. Pitripati: (sáns. hindú). The Lord of the Manes. Yama, judge of the dead. Pitris: (sáns. hindú). Patres; the fathers; the Manes. This name is applied to three different classes of beings: 1) The Manes of departed forefathers, to whom pindas (balls of rice and flour) and water are offered at stated periods. 2) The ten Prajapatis or mythical progenitors of the human race. 3) According to a legend in the Harivansha and in the Vayupurana, the first Pitris were the sons of the gods. The gods having offended Brahma by neglecting to worship him, were cursed by him to become fools; but, upon their repentance, he directed them to apply to their sons for instruction. Being taught accordingly the rites of expiation and penance by their sons, they addressed them as fathers; whence the sons of the gods were the first Pitris. The account given of the Pitris is much the same in all the Puranas, They agree in distinguishing them into seven classes, three of which are without form, or composed of intellectual, not elementary substance, and assuming what forms they please; and four are corporeal. When the Puranas come to the enumeration of the particular classes, they somewhat differ, and the accounts in all the works are singularly imperfect." The incorporeal Pitris, according to one enumeration, are the Vairajas, Agnishvattas, and Barhishads. The first of these seem also to be called Subhasvaras, Somasads, and Saumyas. The corporeal are the Sukalas or Sukalins, Angirasas, Susvadhas, and Somapas. The Sukalas are also called Manasas; the Somapas are also called Ushmapas; the Angirasas seem also to be called Havishmats, Havirbhujas, and Upahutas; and the Susvadhas are apparently the same as the Ajyapas and Kavyas. The Vairajas are the Manes of great ascetics and anchorites, the Agnishvattas are the Pitris of the gods, the Barhishads of demons, the Somapas of Brahmans, the Havishmats of Kshatriyas, the Ajyapas of Vaishyas, and the Sukalins of the Shudras; but one authority, the Harivansha, makes the Somapas belong to the Shudras, and the Sukalins to the Brahmans, and there appears to be good reason for this. Various authorities give other names (see Vishnupurana, iii 339): Rashmipas, Phenapas, Sudhavats, Garhapatyas, Eka-Shringas, Chaturvedas, and Kalas. Besides these there are the Vyamas, "fumes," the Pitris of the barbarians. The Rigveda and Manu make two independent classes, the Agnidagdhas and the Anagnidagdhas, those 'who when alive kept up (or did not keep up) the household flame,' and presented (or did not present) oblations with fire. The Vishnupurana makes the Barhishads identical with the former, and the Agnishvattas with the latter. Yama, god of the dead, is king of the Pitris, and Svadha, 'Oblation,' is sometimes said to be their mother, at others their wife." See Vishnupurana iii. 157, 339 and Manu iii. 192. Piyadashi: (sáns. hindú). See Ashoka. Plavana: (sáns. hindú). Floating. Shiva's 662nd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Prabha: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The light. 2. The rays surrounding the head of Nataraja. 3. A name of Lakshmi. Prabhakara: (sáns. hindú). (prabha "light" + kara maker") 1. Cause of bright light. Shiva's 558th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 2. A name of Surya, the Sun-God. Prabhanjana: (sáns. hindú). Violent destroyer. Shiva's 225 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Prabhasa: (sáns. hindú). A place of pilgrimage on the coast of Gujarat, near to Dvaraka, and also near to the temple of Somanatha. Prabhava: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The origin or birthplace. 2. Vishnu's 35th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Prabhava: (sáns. hindú). Source of origin. Shiva's 970 th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Prabhavana: (sáns. hindú). (pra "forth" + bhavana "producing") The creator. Prabhavan: (sáns. hindú). (prabha "light" + van "having") Having light, luminous. Prabhavati: (sáns. hindú). (prabha "light" + vati "having") 1. Having light, luminous. 2. A name of the consort of Surya, the Sun-God. 3, Wife of Pradyumna. Prabhu: (sáns. hindú). 1 . The Almighty; Lord or master. 2. Vishnu's 36th and 299th name as listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama. Prabodhachandrodaya: (sáns. hindú). "The rise of the moon of knowledge." A philosophical drama by Krishna Mishra. According to tradition, the author lived about the twelfth century CE. Pracanda: (sáns. hindú). She who is wrathful. An epithet of Devi. The 827th name in the Lalita Sahasranama. Pracanda Pandava: (sáns. hindú). "The incensed Pandavas." A drama in two acts by Raja Shekhara, the main incident in which is the outrage of Draupadi by the assembled Kaurava princes. Pracchanna: (sáns. hindú). Hidden. Shiva's 265th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Prachetas: (sáns. hindú). One of the Prajapatis. 2) An ancient sage and lawgiver. 3) The ten Prachetasas were sons of Prachinabarhis and great-grandsons of Prithu, and, according to the Vishnupurana, they passed ten thousand years in the great ocean, deep in meditation upon Vishnu and obtained from him the boon of becoming the progenitors of mankind. They took to wife Marisha, daughter Prachyas: (sáns. hindú). The people of the east; those east of the Ganges; the Prasii of the Greeks. Pradhana: (sáns. hindú). Matter. Primary matter, or nature as opposed to spirit. Pradhanaprabhu: (sáns. hindú). The lord of Pradhana or Prakriti. Shiva's 274th name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. Pradipa: (sáns. hindú). The lamp-like, luminous or radiant. The Bhagavad Gita compares Knowledge to a lamp removing the darkness of ignorance. Pradyumna: (sáns. hindú). A son of Krishna by Rukmini. When Pradyumna was only six days old, he was stolen by the demon Shamara and thrown into the ocean. There he was swallowed by a fish, which was afterwards caught and carried to the house of Shambara. When the fish was opened, a beautiful child was discovered, and Mayadevi or Mayavati, the mistress of Shambara's household, took him under her care. The sage Narada informed her who the child was, and she reared him carefully. When he grow up, she fell in love with him, and informed him who he was and how he had been carried off by Shambara. He defied the demon to battle, and after a long conflict slew him. Then he flew through the air with Mayavati, and alighted in the inner apartments of his father's palace. Krishna presented him to his mother Rukmini "with the virtuous Mayavati his wife," declaring her really to be the goddess Rati. Pradyumna also married Kakudmati, the daughter of Rukmin, and had by her a son named Aniruddha. Pradyumna was killed at Dvaraka in the presence of his father during a drunken brawl. Though Pradyumna passed as the son of Krishna, he was, according to the legend, a revival or resuscitation of Kama, the god of love, who was reduced to ashes by the fiery glance of Shiva, and so the name Pradyumna is used for Kama. (See Kama.) The Vishnupurana puts the following words into the mouth of Narada when he presented Pradyumna to Rukmini: "When Manmatha (the deity of love) had perished, the goddess of beauty (Rati), desirous to secure his revival, assumed a delusive form, and by her charms fascinated the demon Shambara, and exhibited herself to him in various illusory enjoyments. This thy son is the descended Kama; and this is (the goddess) Rati, his wife. There is no occasion for any uncertainty; this is thy daughter-in-law." In the Harivansha he has a wife named Prabhavati, daughter of King Vajranabha. When he went to see her for the first time, he changed himself into a bee and lived in a garland of flowers which had been prepared for her. According to the Mahabharata he was Sanatkumara, the son of Brahma. Pradyumnavijaya: (sáns. hindú). "Pradyumna victorious." A drama in seven acts upon the victory of Pradyumna over the Daitya Vajranabha, written by Shankara Dikshita about the middle of the 17th century. Wilson claimed, "The play is the work of a Pandit, not of a poet." Pragjyotisha: (sáns. hindú). A city situated in the east, in Kamarupa on the borders of Assam. See Naraka. Prahlada: (sáns. hindú). 1 . A demon with whom Lakshmi dwelled and as a result he became gentle and ruled the kingdom righteously. During Lakshmi's stay the land was fertile and social order prevailed. 2. A Daitya, son of Hiranyakashipu and father of Bali. Hiranyakashipu, in his wars with the gods, had wrested the sovereignty of heaven from Indra and dwelt there in luxury. His son Prahlada, while yet a boy, became an ardent devotee of Vishnu, which so enraged his father that he ordered the boy to be killed; but not the weapons of the Daityas, the fangs of the serpents, the tusks of the celestial elephants, nor the flames of fire took any effect, and his father was constrained to send him back to his preceptor, where he continued so earnest in performing and promoting the worship of Vishnu that he eventually obtained final exemption from existence. According to some accounts, it was to avenge Prahlada, as well as to vindicate his own insulted majesty, that Vishnu became incarnate as the Narasinha, "man-lion," and slew Hiranyakashipu. After the death of his father, Prahlada became king of the Daityas and dwelt in Patala; but, according to the Padmapurana, he was raised to the rank of Indra for life, and finally united with Vishnu. The Padmapurana carries the story farther back to a previous birth. In this previous existence Prahlada was a Brahman named Somasharman, fifth son of Shivasharman. His four brothers died and obtained union with Vishnu, and he desired to follow them. To accomplish this he engaged in profound meditation, but he allowed himself to be disturbed by an alarm of the Daityas, and so was born again as one of them. He took the part of his race in the war between them and the gods, and was killed by the discus of Vishnu, after that he was again born as son of Hiranyakashipu. Prahladan: (sáns. hindú). (pra "forth" + hlada "rejoicing") 1. The joyful. 2. The name of a great devotee of Vishnu, who was also the son of the king of demons, Hiranyakashipu. His father, who was unassailable by gods, men, and animals, was so angered by his son's devotion that he tried to kill him, but Vishnu, taking the form of a Man-Lion came to his rescue and slayed his demon father. Prajapala: (sáns. hindú). (praja "creatures or subjects" + pala "protector") 1. Protector of the subjects. Shiva's 923rd name as listed in the Shiva Sahasranama. See the Lingapurana Part II, Chapter 98. 2. A name of Krishna. Fuentes - Fonts SOUV2P.TTF - 57 KB SOUV2I.TTF - 59 KB SOUV2B.TTF - 56 KB bai_____.ttf - 46 KBbabi____.ttf - 47 KB bab_____.ttf - 45 KB SOUV2T.TTF - 56 KB inbenr11.ttf - 64 KB inbeno11.ttf - 12 KB inbeni11.ttf - 12 KB inbenb11.ttf - 66 KB balaram_.ttf - 45 KB indevr20.ttf - 53 KB Página PRINCIPAL OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS Agradecimientos Cuadro General Disculpen las Molestias
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